Many people know what a concussion is, but they don’t know what is specifically happening in the brain after the impact has occurred. After the impact has occurred there is a depolarization and action potential which causes a release of neurotransmitters in the neuron. This will then cause an influx of ions into the brain cell. The cell will then try to pump all of these ions back out of the cell. When that many are present in the cell the mitochondria becomes stressed. The mitochondria are the part of the cell that makes the energy to transport the ions out of the cell. When a concussion occurs they go into overdrive and are not able to keep up. This causes a buildup of lactic acid in the cell to occur. Another outcome from this is that the body uses a lot of energy to get rid of these ions from the cell. This is why someone feels fatigued after they have a concussion.
One of the main problems that can occur with concussions is if there are multiple concussions in short time span. This causes too large of influx of ions into the cell and the cell cannot handle it. This is when cell death can occur. This is also when permanent damage can occur. One neurodegenerative disease that can occur from multiple concussions is Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). CTE is a generally found in athletes that have played a contact sport, such as boxing and football. The symptoms of CTE include dementia type symptoms, including memory loss, personality changes, Parkinsonism, and speech abnormalities. CTE causes large scale atrophy, particularly in the cerebrum, medial temporal lobes, thalamus, mammilary bodies, and brainstem. One of the most famous cases of CTE was Junior Seau. He was a professional footballer that was with the San Diego Chargers for most of his career. He committed suicide and many people believe that he had CTE. They thought that his multiple blows to the head were the reason for his depression.
The problem is that it is hard to diagnosis a concussion medically. The problem is that many people do not go seek a physician after they get a concussion. They only talk to their trainer or coach after it occurs or a suspected concussion occurs. This is where the first problem comes about. Some athletes do not want to tell someone that they have a concussion. This is because they don’t want to sit out of the “big game” or they don’t want to let down the fans. The other issue that can occur after the concussion is reported is that the proper next step has occurred. The next step tends to be that the athlete will take the IMPACT test. The IMPACT is a good test to see a person has a concussion but they still have to go to a physician if they have a concussion. A problem with an impact test though is that some athletes will do poorly on them on purpose. This is so that if they do have a concussion it may not be noticeable. In the end, if someone thinks that they have a concussion they should always go see a physician afterwards. Proper rest is need to fully heal after a concussion.
Putting a Cap on my College Education
For my last blog of the semester I am supposed to look back on my capstone experience. In some ways it seems wrong that the “cap” to my college career comes in my first semester but maybe that is for the better. This way my inevitable “senior slump” won’t ruin this experience. Overall I think this class was unique from my time here, and definitely for the better. I have taken discussion based English or History classes, but never a science class. I think this really helped make the class better. The class was entirely seniors, so all of us had a large base of knowledge to us. This meant we had a lot of differing viewpoints, opinions, and interpretations all coming together to help us understand the articles we were reading. I have never had the experience to really dissect an academic article in a group so this was new to me. In the past I would read an article, take my understanding of it and basically run with it. But with these group discussions, I would hear how other people interpreted the article, which often added to or altered my original view of it. I think this really helped me to understand the articles better and made learning about these topics more enjoyable.
I also really liked how this class was based of real academic articles and fairly recent research. We weren’t just learning about concepts like we have been our whole academic careers; we were learning about real research that was coming out about diseases that affect the world. Almost everything was directly relatable for me in some way. I have known someone who had ALS and learning about what is actually going wrong in it was extremely interesting. Also I have seen teammates and athletes get concussions and now that I know what is actually happening in the brain, I am far more concerned about them. Also this is one of the first times I have been able to apply my chemistry knowledge. I have spent three years learning biochemistry and organic chemistry and I would like to be able to actually use it. By looking through these articles and discussing them I had to use the knowledge I have built up to really understand them. While I believe chemistry is very important in the world, I don’t get to bring it up in everyday conversation, especially to the degree that I have learned it. So this class really let me get to apply what I know in as real of a setting as I could.
On a less academic note, I really have to give credit to Dr. Mach on the teaching of this class. I always enjoy classes that are relaxed. She really allowed us to be open with discussions and real about what we think. There aren’t a lot of classes where you can openly joke with the professor one minute, and seriously discuss a disease the next and I really enjoyed that. She also really allowed the class to be flexible. When we didn’t like something she changed it and when she didn’t think we were putting in enough effort and really getting the full experience, she told us. I think it takes a lot to be willing to be open with a class, accept that you don’t know everything and ask real questions to students and that all just added to the class experience. All in all, I think this class perfectly exemplifies what a “cap” to my liberal arts education should be. I got to actively apply my knowledge from a lot of disciplines, work directly and openly with others, and truly enjoy myself doing it.
A Cure is Possible
Autism is a broad and complicated neurological disorder. People who suffer from autism fall somewhere on a wide spectrum, making autism difficult to diagnose and treat. Diagnosis of autism is done by an entire team of doctors. Symptoms include a wide range of issues in social skills, communication skills, and behavior. Prevalence of autism is rapidly on the rise, and while this may be due to better techniques in diagnosis, there may be some external factors that are causing a rise in this neurological disorder.
There is a strong, complicated genetic basis for autism. Though environment is also seen to have large effects on the disorder. Treatments such as improving diet, avoiding food allergies, eating gluten free, taking vitamins/minerals, getting enough essential fatty acids, social therapy in social skills, language and communication, imitation, play, daily living, and motor skills, as well as a long list of other pills and supplements. These treatments have been shown to be successful and some children with mild autism have been seen to almost recover completely. Diet may be considered the best treatment, seeing that those with autism do not have normal metabolism. Alterations in diet, and simply eating healthier foods, may have a large impact.
Something our class focused on this week were PUFAs, or polyunsaturated fatty acids. PUFAs are essential for brain growth and development and they also enhance cognitive development. They have also been seen to increase levels of BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), something that those with autism are lacking. Because of this, PUFAs are being looked into as something that could help those with autism. It is possible that targeting this area of the disease, autism could even be cured. Studies have yet to be done regarding this area and how increasing levels of PUFAs would affect other areas of the brain.
With much research yet to be done and the broad range of this disorder, there is a great deal of room for improvement on diagnosis and treatment. Children with autism should be taken on a case by case basis and each looked at carefully. Hopes are high that in the future those with autism will suffer much less than they currently do. For now, it is important that we love and care for those with autism, especially children. Having people in a child’s life that deeply love and care for them can be truly life altering.
But, McDonald's tastes so good…
Most Americans are well aware that our country has a problem with obesity. Over one third of American adults are obese, that’s over 100 million people. Many of these people may not even consider themselves obese, denying that they have a problem at all. Obesity can lead to a long list of related conditions; high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, joint problems, sleep apnea, respiratory problems, cancer, metabolic syndrome, and psychosocial effects. What most Americans don’t know is how obesity affects your brain. Overeating and poor nutrition can lead to damaging brain diseases and harsh cognitive effects.
There are neurons in our brain that are responsible for signaling that makes us “feel full,” mainly POMC and AgRP. Signals arriving at neurons such as leptin and insulin are responsible for activating or deactivating POMC and AgRP. When people overeat or eat food high in fat, this throws off leptin and insulin signaling, causing us to not feel full when we should. To make matters worse, scientists are starting to see that children may be born with an inclination to unhealthy eating. If mothers eat unhealthy and high in fat when they are pregnant, children will have a higher inclination to these same unhealthy foods. These unhealthy foods are causing problems in our brain that have recently been linked to Alzheimer’s disease. It has also been shown that obesity can lead to shrinkage of brain matter. The brains of obese people are physically smaller. By eating healthier, our country could become an overall healthier nation. Healthy foods are not only good for your body in general, but they can also help you feel more full and satisfied with less food.
The foods that America is producing are possibly the root of the issue here. We’ve become such a high speed nation that we no longer make time to take care of our bodies. Eating healthy is not easy, it takes time to prepare healthy meals, and many Americans no longer make time to do this. There are countless food products out there specifically designed to be prepared quickly, but how healthy are these products? Large companies are capitalizing on how addictive unhealthy foods are, and they are using this information to produce products such as potato chips that you physically “cannot eat just one.” If this problem is truly going to get fixed we need to fix our system deep down and make time for healthier foods. We need to get rid of our millions of unhealthy fast food chains and make America aware of how detrimental unhealthy eating can be, both physically and mentally.
Besides becoming a healthier nation both physically and mentally, by fighting obesity our country could save millions of dollars. In 2008 the estimated annual medical cost of obesity in the U.S. was $147 billion, with the medical costs for people who are obese being $1,429 higher than those of normal weight. By becoming healthier citizens, we could save billions on health care.
Neurochemistry Reflections and why it is a Capstone
For a class to be considered and capstone course at Concordia it must meet five qualifications. One, it must instill a love for learning. Two, the student develops foundational skills and a transferable intellectual capacity. Three, the student develops an understanding of disciplinary, interdisciplinary and intercultural perspectives and their connections. Four, they need to cultivate an examined cultural, ethical, physical and spiritual self-understanding. Last but not least, it must encourage a responsible participation in the world (BREW). What class meets all of these qualifications? The Neurochemistry course at Concordia College does. This class not only does those five things but goes beyond them.
Like most classes if a love of learning is instilled then that is a successful class. Without this want to learn a student will get bored and won’t try or remember what the class was about. Neurochemistry didn’t have a problem with this. The first four weeks of the class dealt with teaching the class the basics of neurochemistry. Without this main of us wouldn’t have understood any of the articles due to the complicated material. The remainder of the semester was broken up weekly, each week dealing with one article on a different neurological disorder. Every Monday the class talked about the article we read over the weekend. The purpose of this was to get a better sense of what the article was getting at and after that the class would pick subjects about the article to taking about on Wednesday. In the days leading up to Wednesday, as individuals we did research on our topic. On that Wednesday we present the important parts of our topic in front of the class. All of this work was done to meet on Fridays for group discussions. The class would divide up into two groups each with 2-3 group leaders which would lead the groups in discussions. This is where most of the class’s capstone qualities come from.
The discussions were probably the most fun but beneficial part of the course. It allowed the class to openly talk about their ideas of the topic at hand. With many of the topics dealing with diseases and hot topic issues, like concussions, Alzheimer’s and endocannabinoids, we could make connections with the research. Some subjects were easier than others, but over all we could figure out why the research topics were important. Although a lot of things were learned from each article one question always came up. That question was “how can we prevent these conditions”? This question embodies the capstones requirements. This question allowed us to come up with ideas on how to prevent diseases by making us and then the other people more a where of what not to do.
Neurochemistry was a fun and an important experience. I personal am use to taking classes based on lecture where I sat quietly listening to the teaching talk for an hour. In neurochemistry the class taught each other with the teacher’s guidance. It allowed me to be more outgoing and talk about my ideas and personal experiences unlike any other class. The nature of the class had a relaxed laid back feel to it which helped with learning. I thoroughly enjoyed the class and although I may never look at neurochemistry again, I will never forget what the class was about.
Do we know what causes ALS?
ALS is a neurological disorder where a degradation of motor neurons occurs. This progresses over the course of 3-5 years leading to complete muscle loss in vital organs. In the early stages of the disease the patient experiences muscle weakness, stiffness, spastic and tightness, poor balance, slurred words, and can be limited to a single body region. In middle stage of the disease symptoms become more wide spread, some muscles become paralyzed, joint pain, weakness in swallowing, and weakness in breathing. The late stages of the disease present them self in the form of voluntary muscles are paralyzed, the ability to move air in and out of lungs, limited mobility, may no longer be able to speak, and eating/drinking no longer possible. With such a progressive disease one would hope that we would know what causes it.
Sadly, in short the answer is we don’t know a direct cause. 5-10% of ALS patients develop due to genetic traits that have been passed down through family lines. 90-95% has a form of ALS called sporadic ALS. This form of ALS still has no unknown direct cause or causes. The research done on this disease has fallen short of finding any link to environmental factor which could be causing it. Researchers have speculated a few ideas to what may be the cause of it though. Some believe it could be caused by heavy metals like lead and mercury which have been linked to having neurological effects. They also believe it could be organic solvents, many of which have been linked to cancers. The findings, however, are mixed which leaves us with no conclusions. They also think warfare may be the cause of it. Reports say that people who went to war are 1.5-2.0 times more likely to get ALS then those who never went to war. However, the numbers of people tested are too small which leaves most to believe that this might be just a statistical anomaly. Some think ALS could be caused by some kind of unknown virus. There is no evidence for this claim; however, they base their hypothesis off the Polo virus. Finally, and my personal favorite speculation on the cause of the disease comes from a person’s diet. They think that the combinations of foods a person specifically eats could cause it. There is a little island called Guam where the ALS population is extremely high. They think this is due to their diet of whole bats cooked in coconut milk. All in all as of right now no research has come up with any specific cause or causes that are responsible for ALS.
Small changes now… Big consequences later…
We have always been told by our parents to make sure we choose food from all of the food groups, so that we can ensure we are receiving all of the proper vitamins and minerals that we need to function. We receive iron through a variety of food sources, including red meat, leafy greens, and several other sources. The side of the story we don’t often consider, however, is what happens when we get too much of any of these nutrients, and especially what happens if it accumulates in any one spot in the body.
Recently our class discussed an article which dealt with the consequences of iron accumulation in the brain, and learned that this can contribute to the development of Parkinson’s disease. The iron accumulation will allow things called reactive oxygen species to form, and something called alpha-synuclein to conglomerate in one area. Together, these will cause the neurons in this area of the brain (the substantia nigra) to be destroyed, resulting in Parkinson’s disease. The paper discussed several ways that the iron will start to accumulate, and in doing so, pointed to different things we can try to target to prevent Parkinson’s disease. These included using iron chelators, which will remove iron from the brain, as well as antioxidants to prevent the formation of reactive oxygen species.
In correlation with our paper, we all sat down and had green tea during class one day, which as you might know, can be an antioxidant. This simple practice made me start thinking about how much of a difference simple changes like this can make in our lives. I feel like we don’t often think about it, but the little changes like having a cup of tea during the day can better our lives greatly in the long run. This isn’t to say that drinking a cup of green tea on a regular basis will completely eliminate any chance that you will ever have Parkinson’s disease, but it can definitely go a long way towards lowering your risk of developing it.
These types of changes don’t only apply to Parkinson’s disease either. Green tea can be good for you in general, as can just generally eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly. The same caveat must be stated, as there are very few behaviors that will completely eliminate any risk of developing diseases x, y, and z, but any reduction of risk must be very seriously considered. A healthy diet and habits of good and regular exercise can reduce your risk for heart disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and a plethora of other diseases. Even if we cannot fully prevent these, one must also consider that one lifestyle change can prevent a myriad of diseases. It seems somewhat counterintuitive that we spend so much time pursuing a “better life” with things like more success and more money, yet we don’t take the steps to enjoy a longer and fuller life to enjoy the truly valuable things like spending more time with friends and family by making simple changes like eating a salad instead of a Big Mac or going for a run instead of watching a movie, or in the case of Parkinson’s disease, taking time to enjoy a cup of green tea in the afternoon.
A Reflection on my Capstone Experience
Throughout my three and a half years at Concordia College, one aspect I have really enjoyed is the liberal learning that students are required to experience. Being a chemistry major and being required to take a set number of chemistry classes, it has been nice to take classes in other disciplines, such as religion, history, sociology, psychology, business, and math. Another aspect of Concordia’s core curriculum is the capstone course that students are required to take either their junior or senior year. The Capstone Course of the core curriculum focuses on student achievement of the goals for liberal learning, and emphasizes writing intensity and experiential learning. The Capstone Course allows students to exercise Concordia’s motto, BREW, which means to become responsibly engaged in the world.
As a senior at Concordia, I decided to take another chemistry class, neurochemistry, to fulfill my credits for the capstone course requirement. During registration, I was a little hesitant signing up for this course because I had little previous knowledge of the brain and the chemical aspects of it. I was pleasantly surprised to find out that the majority of the students were experiencing this same feeling, so we all basically had the same initial understanding of the course content. I have always been interested in the chemical pathways of the brain, so I was really excited to explore a new discipline within the field of chemistry. Throughout the semester, I learned significantly more than I had expected to, despite the way in which this class was organized and facilitated.
Neurochemistry was very different from other chemistry classes and typical science classes regarding the way in which it was taught, which was a very nice change of pace. In contrast to typical science classes that are primarily lecture based, neurochemistry was discussion based where the majority of our learning came from communicating and interacting with other students in the class and also our professor. The first part of the semester consisted of learning about various different topics, such as neurotransmitter signaling, receptor types, essential ions and minerals, and many more. To learn about these topics, we primarily read literature articles and answered various questions about the article. The majority of our time was spent talking with other students about the article and trying to figure anything that we understand out.
After obtaining this basic knowledge of various neurochemical topics, we transitioned into the bulk of this class, which included an overview session, a background review session, and a discussion session. The overview session occurred on Mondays and consisted of reading an article and answering questions about the particular topic of the week. During class, we would then discuss the article and anything we didn’t understand. At the end of class, each student was assigned a topic to research and become an expert on. Wednesday was our background review session, which consisted of presenting our particular topic to students throughout the class in order to help them understand our topics better. Our discussion sessions occurred on Fridays, and throughout the semester, it became my favorite aspect of the class. Two to three students led each discussion in which we would discuss and talk about anything we felt was important in the paper. This was my favorite part of the course because it allowed everyone to bring their expertise together and contribute to the learning of others in a relaxed setting. It enabled us to get out of the classroom setting and utilize a different strategy to learning. We had the opportunity to be a discussion leader twice throughout the semester, so my leadership skills were significantly increased through our discussion sessions. These discussion questions really simulated what a science career really consists of. As a scientist, it will be essential for me to be able to communicate information effectively to my colleagues, which is essentially what was done in these discussions.
Overall, I have really enjoyed taking neurochemistry and feel that it achieved the goals of a liberal education and allowed us to become responsibly engaged in the world. It was nice to take a science class in which the learning wasn’t solely based on listening to a lecture. It was fun teaching other students in the class about various topics. Likewise, it was also fun learning from classmates about many different topics. I am glad I decided to take neurochemistry as my capstone course at Concordia.
What is Autism Anyway?
What is Autism? We are about people being diagnosed with this disease all the time but what is it really? Most people know the autism is a mental disorder in which the person has social problems. Normally they don’t interact or deal with certain social situations as others would and tend to be isolated. They also tend to develop intense interest in objects or subjects. Autism can also present it self in varying degrees, which is why there is an autism-spectrum used for diagnosis. Autism is a neurological disorder but it is not a straightforward one.
From the article we read there are a few issues in the brain that cause autism. One of the simpler ones is synapse dysfunction. Basically there are 2 proteins that help structure your synapses. Neuroexins and neuroligins form in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons and bind to line up the neurons. In autism the neuroligins don’t function correctly affecting the neurons ability to transmit signals. Whats interesting about this is that it can be fixed. Just as learning involved synapses being created, we can essentially teach these neurons to fire correctly. Through therapy autistic people can learn to overcome their social issues.
Another interesting link this article presented was that of PUFAs or polyunsaturated fatty acids and autism. PUFAs in general are a good fat, if you are going to eat fat this is the kind you want. People diagnosed with autism show a decrease in PUFAs in their red blood cell membranes. PUFAs promote BDNF, which promotes neuron health and growth. PUFAs, such as arachadonic acid, also promote formation of SNARE complexes, which help in neuron outgrowth, and anti-inflammatory lipids, So your diet does play a role in autism. It has been shown that children with autism that change their diet to include more PUFAs show a decrease in symptoms. Autism can’t simply be cured with a better diet but it is interesting that something like that can help.
One topic we discussed as a group is the increase in autism diagnosis. As with a lot of neurological diseases, I believe that part of this has to do with awareness and better diagnostic processes. We are aware that autism exists and what the symptoms are so we can better find it. Although the procedure for testing for autism isn’t exact. There is no blood test or imaging we can due to find autism, it is solely a behavior examination. So both awareness and perhaps a little misdiagnosis may play a role in the increase. It may also have to due with diet. A lot of foods we eat today contain saturated fats. Since we generally have diets low in polyunsaturated fats and high in saturated, we arent getting the neuroprotection we normally would and this is causing autism. While this isn’t the only problem, I do think that pregnant and nursing mothers could eat a diet high in PUFAs to help prevent the development of autism.
Overall autism isn’t a disease that we fully understand. We have some idea on what causes it and some ways to help treat it but nothing is perfect yet. Hopefully with awareness and continued research some day we can crack this disease.
How Obesity and Eating Cause Each Other
Obesity is on the rise in the US and you can’t help but wonder why. We know that eating healthy and exercise are important, but people are still obese. Maybe the problem is actually the food itself. With liters pop full of sugary corn syrup being drunk and Oreos disappearing by the row, maybe we just cant control ourselves. Well as it turns out we have less control over our ability to overeat than we previously thought. Normally as we eat our body produces leptin and insulin to activate POMC neurons and inhibit AgRP neurons to signal that we are no longer hungry. As we begin to overwork our production of leptin and insulin, like in diabetes, we lose the signaling to these neurons and never get the “I am full” signal to stop eating. Even more interestingly, overeating leads to a change in brain makeup. In a similar way that drugs like cocaine effect the brain, highly energetic food increases dopamine release in the brain. The basically means that we get a higher reward from eating foods high in fat and sugar. We may even be predisposed before we are even born. Studies on mice show that mother’s that have a high carbohydrate diet before mating and during pregnancy and weaning produce offspring that are predisposed to high carb diets. A combination of fewer POMC neurons and impaired hypothalmic energy regulation are the cause. Basically if your mother eats and unhealthy diet while pregnant with you, you are predisposed to eat and unhealthy diet. Not only is obesity a self-causing problem, but it also affects the brain in a way that causes a lot of health issues. Overnutrition leads to an increase in production of cytokines. These signaling molecules cause inflammation. The increased inflammation in the hypothalamus leads to problems in insulin regulation, glucose metabolism, and cognition.
The implications of this research show how important diet is throughout your whole life. Not only do you have to actively try to eat healthy, but if you want to have children it is even more important to eat healthy during pregnancy and early life. By eating healthy during your child’s early life and pregnancy, you can get rid of the innate need for high energy foods. So not only would you help the naturally want to eat healthier, but you set them up to avoid obesity-linked diseases like diabetes and metabolic syndrome. We love to blame people for making themselves obese, but in actuality it isn’t all their fault. With food that reacts just like drugs and a disposition towards high carb foods that dates back to pregnancy, obesity is a lot more difficult to deal with that we ever thought.