Final Blog: Neurochemistry

This neurochemistry course opened my eyes to various perspectives and topics that I would not have sought out otherwise. I am grateful for the opportunities we were given to strengthen our skills as up-and-coming scientists.

Instill a love for learning

There were many aspects in which this course promoted my love for learning. To begin, the group discussions made the topics much more interesting and enjoyable. It was nice to communicate knowledge effectively with fellow peers who had similar academic backgrounds. There were many opinions and perspectives that made the discussion a learning experience that we would not have had in class or gathered through research. Also, I really enjoyed the topics that the class got to choose to research for each article. It was much more fun to search the literature on topics that we were interested in rather than topics were assigned.

Develop foundational skills and transferable intellectual capacities

Neurochemistry helped with this more than I could believe! The in-depth understanding of various articles that was required for this class really improved my comfortability as a researcher. It forced us to think critically and ensure full understanding of each topic, as well as choose specific subjects within that topic to research even further. This class also helped with collaboration and communication of knowledge. These characteristics were used within the PEAK project, as well as in group discussions, and the end-of-year presentation. This course truly helped with discussion and communication of knowledge to fellow scientists.

Develop an understanding of disciplinary, interdisciplinary, and intercultural perspectives and their connections

There were many connections between disciplines found in this course. While there were obvious ties between neuroscience, chemistry, biology, and even psychology, many of these topics had implications towards disciplines such as socioeconomics and education. Pertaining to topics such as mental illness and addiction, there needs to be further education on these issues at a young age and beyond. Within socioeconomics, topics such as obesity are heavily influenced by SES and the availability of nutritional foods. The subject of neurochemistry has far-reaching influences on multiple disciplines.

Cultivate an examined cultural, ethical, physical, and spiritual self-understanding

Neurochemistry cultivated quite a lot of self-understanding, mostly on a physical and spiritual level. I was not only curious about signaling and neuronal connections within my own brain, but also how disruptions in these pathways can negatively impact one’s life in so many ways (and my own life I suppose). I was never truly aware of the many signaling pathways in the brain, as well as the various relationships between each of them. Also, it has always been interesting to me to gain more information about myself on a metacognitive level. Issues such as the mind-body problem that I had discussed in my psychology course, The Human Mind, have often brought about issues of whether or not the mind is simply a manifestation of the brain, or if they are separate entities. This question is still not answered for me, and I’m not sure it ever will be. Although there is likely a biological or chemical answer for complex cognitive abilities such as reasoning, logic, emotion, learning, and memory, it is difficult for me to believe that there is nothing more than the physical brain or body. Although, this course did make me lean about more towards physicalist monism (the mind supervenes on the brain).

Encourage responsible participation in the world

I experienced this most through participation in the PEAK project. My group focused on Alzheimer’s, specifically on support towards caregivers for people with dementia. Although I had learned about Alzheimer’s on a biological and chemical level, I had never truly immersed myself in the personal and real-life struggles of those caring for people living with dementia. This gave us the tremendous opportunity to facilitate discussion in a caregiver support group and gain insight as to how the disease affected them and their loved ones. Also, this project gave me the opportunity to use knowledge I had learned in class and attempt to relate it to the discussion at hand. Although there were quite a few questions I was still unable to answer during the support group, we had members of the Alzheimer’s Association, as well as doctor of geriatrics, to guide and teach us through the sessions. Through this, we were able to responsibly participate in the real world.

 

 

 

 

 

My Reflection on Neurochem 2021

I had no idea that this class would be so different from other science classes when I decided to sign up. I knew that we would study the brain, and I knew that we would study how the brain reacts with the rest of the body, but during the course of this class I have learned about so much more than just the chemistry of the brain. This class was unique among any science class I have ever taken, and even unique among classes I’ve taken in general. This class was designed to engage outside of a traditional method, and that required a whole different set of skills that school often doesn’t test. For this I will always be thankful, and it makes me realize how Concordia itself desires to teach its students to interact with the world.

Created by Marshall Vandruff
24656 Via Carlos
Laguna Niguel, CA 92677-7604
(714) 360-9300
For Jim Parkhurst at Ingram Micro.

Concordia’s Goals in Neurochem and Beyond:

Concordia has many goals in its educational curriculum, but five of them were highlighted when considering the benefits of a liberal arts education. Below I will describe how this class fit into the categories for me.

  1. Instills a love for learning.

This one seems rather straightforward, but I’m glad that this class reached the goal for me. I had a very challenging semester for a lot of reasons, but the challenge also made me consider if I really liked what I was doing. Neurochem was often a refuge, where there wasn’t much learning except what you read yourself and were able to share with others. Instead of learning from a textbook, we learned directly from good research sources and then did our own research. This approach was unique and refreshing, especially coming back from virtual lectures in all of my classes.

  1. Develop foundational and transferable skills

Foundational skills are something that many are expected to have, but classes like this really challenge a person to analyze and develop said skills. For example, we do all sorts of research in labs, but not much of reading other peoples’ research. We have class discussion, but it’s not often that we teach classmates something that we have learned, which is really effective in helping everyone involved learn. We performed group projects, but we never worked with professional organizations to put together such huge events as we did during our PEAK projects. These skills will follow us for the rest of our lives, and neurochem did an excellent job of expanding upon their usage and relevance in our lives.

  1. Develop understanding of various perspectives

Part of the challenge of teaching science is that everyone has different beliefs about it, especially outside of the traditional black and white of science. In this class we had group discussions where various topics came up such as: legalization of marijuana, assisted suicide, ethical work in science, and withholding opioids in some cases. Not only are these issues controversial, but there are arguments for both sides that can and do coexist while still being correct. As someone who has researched these issues, I had a lot to say, but I also learned a lot from how other people understood these issues based both on science and their lens of the world.

  1. Have a strong self-understanding

Like I said earlier, this was a challenging semester outside of neurochem. Concordia strives to achieve cultural, ethical, physical, and spiritual self-understanding, and neurochem definitely touched on ethical and physical life. I’ve already talked about ethics, but the way physical well being impacts the brain is very notable. For example, exercise is a really good way to prevent long term brain diseases as well as improving quality of sleep when done appropriately. Information like that has rekindled my drive to improve my physical health as I deal with the continuing challenges in my life.

  1. Encourage responsible participation in world affairs

This is something that neurochem did really well by having us blog, as the goal was to teach us how to spread science to a population that has never studied science before. We first learned the information as scientists would, discussed and learned from each other as fellow scientists, and then were tasked with taking what we learned and making it applicable to everyone who reads it. This means explaining things well, using good visuals, and managing the science well for the audience while still retaining the integrity of my research. It is always an interesting challenge, and one that I’ve considered in the past, so I was very glad to get to work more on it this semester.

 

Neurochem Specific Goals:

Within the context of neurochem there were some separate goals regarding learning and engagement in the class. Below are the list as well as how I feel the class addressed them:

  1. How did I learn this semester?

This is an important question due to how much learning had to change and adapt in the past years! I would say learning for me mostly occurred when I was talking with other classmates either in group discussions or when learning directly from the wiki using the online system. This allowed me to take the information from the article and expand it into how it impacts the world more than just inside a lab. This is something we are seeing many people struggle with regarding COVID-19, so it’s nice to do this style of learning while also continuing to do research based learning.

  1. How does this class relate to my future goals?

I am currently on the premed track, and it’s very interesting to consider how this class influenced my future. For example, learning how to read a research article is critical to medicine as much of what we do may be considered experimental and require a good understanding of scientific literature. Being able to explain complex scientific information to everyone is an important skill for a physician, the blogging is excellent training for that. And the PEAK project was an excellent test of team work skills, which I believe are critical to working in healthcare.

  1. What does a liberal arts education mean to me?

Doctors should know more than just science. They need so many different things in my opinion: math, the history of the world because it impacts their care, business in case they ever want to run their own practice, how to work with other people, how to research, how to admit when they don’t know something, how to enjoy hobbies outside of work, etc. When I think of a liberal arts education, I think of the science I’ve learned, but I also think of all the other learning and opportunities I’ve had at Concordia

  1. What would I put on a resume from this class?

Definitely the ability to explain science to everyone aspect. Collaboration and group work would also look good. Finally, the ability to adapt and overcome, not just in this class, but throughout the semester.

  1. Describe solving a problem using multiple perspectives

The PEAK project is an excellent example of this. We had 6 different people with 6 different backgrounds in classes, working together to put together a major project. We had to deal with losing a member, getting tabled, and then all sorts of variables with the final project. Part of the reason we got tabled was because everyone had a slightly different idea about how the project was going to work, but being able to adapt to the later challenges came when we started working together and using all of the skills and resources available to us.

In conclusion, it has been a crazy semester, but neurochem has been one of the highlights!

Final Review of Neurochem

Neurochemistry

Neurochemistry has been by far the most engaging class I have taken at Concordia. We were challenged to address complicated diseases affecting the central nervous system. Instead of a traditional lecture-based classroom we were motivated to learn at our own pace and given the option to really control the path of the course. Rooted in the complex biochemical basis of many different cellular signaling pathways we connected our knowledge all the way to past and current social issues which separate the country today. By creating a strong foundation for our conversations, we were able to engage in constructive dialogue on complex topics and then repeat the process again the next week.

Concordia College in Moorhead MN

Concordia is a liberal arts school with the goal of graduating students who have ambitions to be responsibly engaged in the world. Neurochem is a perfect embodiment of this mission. I used knowledge gained in chemistry courses to connect with the biology of cellular signaling. Expanding upon the science we are able to connect to the social dilemmas we learn about in other courses. Using communication taught in intro courses a responsible conversation is at hand.

Real World Example

A perfect example of a discussion in our class that relates is around obesity. Perhaps in uneducated response is simply “It is their fault; people need to eat better and work out more.” However, we are learning that in most cases of obesity there has been a disruption in our brain signaling and how people feel hunger is different than their healthy counterpart. We also need to dive into the social constructs of society that force the lower class and less fortunate to eat unhealthy food and find a solution. We need to weigh the mental health benefits of positive body image with the messages of healthy living and exercise, as mental and physical health are correlational. Then we need to look outside the United States and see how obesity affects other nations and cultures. An issue that can seem so simple can be very complex and diverse.

That is the advantage of a liberal arts education, becoming a well-rounded individual prepared to face some of life’s most difficult tasks. As our planet’s problems become more complex and more important it is necessary to be educated in different fields to create a deeper understanding.

Connecting to my future, this class and many others will allow for a well-rounded approach to problems in my personal and professional life. This course and others at Concordia have taught me to face problems with a multifaceted approach. First understanding the science, then the social innuendos, and finally looking at things from all perspectives is a well-rounded way to make decisions.

Endocannabinoids: CB1 Receptor and Munchies

We are all familiar with the term “the munchies,” but how does this happen?

Turns out, it has to do with the cannabinoid 1 receptors (CB1 receptors) and the effect on our appetite once there is binding with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to its active site. Once bound, our appetite is increased and hence the “munchies” effect.

But, where are these CB1 receptors even located?

It has been observed that there is an abundance in the cerebellum, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and dorsal primary afferent spinal cord regions of the brain. Basically, they are found all over the middle of the brain. They have also been present in some peripheral organs. For reference, here is a photo of what I meant by the middle:

Visual search query image

 

What functions do cannabinoid receptors have?

Cannabinoid receptors primarily regulate and influence functions such as memory processing, pain regulation, and motor control

 

Whats going on with weed?

“Stay off the weeeeeeed” – Steven A. Smith

There is a general lack of understanding surrounding the topic of marijuana and cannabinoids. Somethings most don’t know is the body naturally produces endocannabinoids that activate different CB (cannabinoid) receptors throughout the body. While it is true that the active ingredient in marijuana, THC, activates these receptors, there are many other ligands that do the same thing, most naturally produced in our body. There has been a recent surge in the use of medical marijuana and its derivations to treat complex medical disorders and diseases. CBD is growing increasingly popular for a plethora of different uses ranging in conditions from trivial to extreme. Taking a look at what we know and don’t is a great way to start an educated and engaging conversation around a lightning rod topic.

Endocannabinoids are signaling molecules in the body that help regulate various body processes. Among the eCB’s, the most common are AEA and 2-AG. These ligands are agonists for CB-1 and CB-2 receptors but bind CB-1 receptors with higher affinity. The role of cannabinoid receptors is increasingly under investigation as we find they’re interactions on several neural function is high. CB-1 receptors have an impact on many disorders in the CNS including many neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer’s.

While being different diseases HD, MS, and AD patients have all shown positive responses to treatment with CB-1 receptor agonists like THC or CBD.

https://mygolfspy.com/cbd-buyers-guide-golfers/

Aside: what is CBD? It seems to be talked about like a magical cure all by some. Does it make you high, and why can you buy it nearly everywhere? CBD, or cannabidiol, is one of the active chemicals in Marijuana, the second most active behind THC actually.  While the binding affinity is not particularly high for either CB-1 or CB-2 receptors it does bind to certain serotonin receptors which explains its effect on anxiety, nausea, vomiting, and the perception of pain.

CB-1 receptors in particular are involved in many different functionalities of neurons and the CNS. In patients with Multiple Sclerosis, CB1 agonists are found to control inflammation. People who suffer from Huntington’s Disease often lose control of motor functions and these symptoms have been shown to mostly be alleviated by CB-1 agonists in limited studies. Similar positive responses have been seen in Alzheimer’s Disease, traumatic brain injuries, and other conditions involving a dysfunction in the CNS or peripheral neurons. However, research is pretty limited at the time as the field is very young.

Continued research is essential for expanding our knowledge of this complicated signaling pathway. There are cannabinoid influences in nearly all of our bodily functions. It is good to erase our preconceived notions on the term cannabis. There are proven results for treating complex diseases with cannabinoid receptor agonists. This doesn’t mean we should all be smoking marijuana as there are many other compounds involved and the research isn’t conclusive on their affects. However, research into THC, CBD, and other external cannabinoids is an important step in finding solutions to some of our most perplexing medical issues.

Artstract by Colin Richards

Obesity: A BIG problem

Obesity is an epidemic, not just in the united states but in a lot of countries in the world. It begs the question; why don’t people stop eating so much? The problem is the solution to this problem is more complex than a simple life decision. We all know the feeling of being hungry and full, what if there was a disruption in this signaling that is leading to obesity? Leptin is a hormone in the body that regulates the reserves of energy stored in adipose tissue, it works directly by acting in the brain to regulate appetite. One would think an obese person would have increased leptin signaling, and partially you would be correct, but the high concentrations of leptin have led to resistance in the neurons and an eternal feeling of hunger. Over nutrition then leads to a plethora of other problems, mainly caused by inflammation in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. The pandemic has brought light to our lifestyles and how body image is portrayed in media culture.

artstract by Colin Richards

Before getting into the cultural anthropology of obesity it is important to understand the physiology. Rapid overconsumption of a fat-rich diet results in a two-phase inflammatory process in the hypothalamus. The first phase is a transient and the second comes from sustained exposure to a high fat diet, leading to prolonged inflammatory cascades and the activation of cellular stress mechanisms. Activation of transcription factors and the release of cytokines stimulate inflammation in the hypothalamus. The continuous release of leptin leads to resistance and adds fuels the problem. Without the necessary signaling of leptin a person is continuously hungry and continues to eat.

Body image has been a hot topic in media culture lately. Especially for women, but increasingly in men, there has been a criticism of unrealistic body expectations imposed by movies, models, magazines, etc.… There has been a calling to appreciate various body styles and sizes. This has brought light to multiple mental issues that revolve around people’s self-perception of their body. However, others have recognized the danger in this body appreciation as it celebrates an unhealthy lifestyle. Navigating this tightrope of mental and physical health is important for individuals and society. I believe it’s always important to be happy but knowing health is something we can all work on is equally important. Personally, I know being physically healthy positively affects mental health and I think changes in how we eat, and exercise will positively affect the mental health crisis we have.

Body image has been a hot topic in media culture lately, it coincides with a continuous growth in the obesity pandemic. Understanding the physiology of obesity is important when talking about the social issues around body image. Obesity is not an active decision and celebrating the body style supported by a consistent high fat diet is a slippery slope. The body changes in both the CNS and peripheral tissues from obesity are very detrimental to our health. The thin line between mental and physical health is where we should congregate.

Course Reflection 2021: Masked Edition

This blog post is all about how neurochemistry class meets Concordia’s 5 goals for liberal learning and hones skills developed from other classes.

Install a love for learning

Reproduced from Pixabay

Neurochemistry achieved this goal through a few different avenues. I think the best example is the Friday discussions where we communicate with our classmates about what we learned. Not only did we discuss the relevant pathways and hypothesize novel treatments, but we also related it to topics that interested us. For example, we would discuss how insulin resistance contributes to Alzheimer’s disease mechanistically, and also what we can actively do ourselves to prevent the disease.

Develop foundational skills and transferable intellectual capacities

Wow did Neurochem develop this skill! Reading a research article every week greatly improved my skills as a researcher in many different fields. Additionally, the content we learned is applicable to many different fields including cancer biology, genetics, drug-design, and many more. Understanding the fundamental signaling pathways of life is a valuable skill for many different scientific disciplines.

Develop an understanding of disciplinary, interdisciplinary and intercultural perspectives and their connections

While neurochem was mostly sunshine-and rainbows, sometimes it took on heavy concepts like Alzheimer’s, obesity, autism, and drug addiction. There is a very clear connection between the signaling pathways we learned for these diseases to other scientific disciplines, but interestingly, there are clear connections to social work and public policy.

A very good example of this comes from the obesity paper we read. As you can see in the diagram (figure 1) below, SFA (saturated fatty acids–think butter) and insulin signaling play a role in regulating obesity.

Figure 1. Obesity Signaling. Made by Bretton Badenoch

While on the surface, these discoveries don’t seem to directly tie to socioeconomics and public policy, they assuredly do. A lot of the cheapest food consumed by the socioeconomically disadvantaged can cause insulin resistance and is often high in SFA. Furthermore, the connection between socioeconomic status (SES) and race is linked in the USA. Because of this, the implications of this knowledge apply across cultures and between disciplines both social and scientific.

Cultivate an examined cultural, ethical, physical and spiritual self-understanding

Boy oh boy did neurochem cultivate a whole lot of self-understanding. I think there are a few reasons people could be interested in studying neuroscience:

  1. They are interested in others and want to understand how they work on a more fundamental level. The reasoning for wanting to understand can vary from nefarious to benevolent.
  2. They are interested in themselves. They are curious about how they make sense of the world from a metacognitive level.

Personally, I’m in it for both reasons but I definitely lean towards #2 more. Because of this, I think neuroscience inherently forces one  to examine their cultural, ethical, physical, and spiritual self. In many ways, neuroscience a very philosophical subject with immediate and implications for the student. For example, baring willful ignorance, it’s impossible to avoid examining the role free will (or the lack thereof) and its implications on nearly all social institutions.

Encourage responsible participation in the world

This is where we get super meta. The blogging aspect of this course IS the responsible participation in the world.

Reproduced from giphy

Rapid Fire Q and A

Q: What kinds of learning occurred during this semester?

A: Learning from published papers, peers, instructor, and other internet sources.

Q: How do the skills, competencies and knowledge gained in the experience (CAP, blogging) relate to your future goals?

A: I want to go to grad school for a PhD in biochemistry with a neuroscience focus, so this class was pretty perfect for me. Learning all of these fundamental pathways has helped me with research I am currently doing with designing new drugs to treat depression. It has also helped lay a solid foundation as a continue to learn more about neuroscience and neurochemistry in graduate school.

Q: What does learning at a liberal arts institution mean to you?

A: I think of an institution that promotes deep understanding of a certain topic, as well as supporting topics to make for a well educated person. A liberal arts institution develops a curriculum that allows for interdisciplinary connections between an intense area of study and the real world.

Q: If you were to highlight on your resume a skill or competency that you improved upon this semester, what would you be sure to include?

A: I would include the blog posts. I think dissemination of scientific knowledge in an accessible form is important for improving our democracy and the world we live in. I also feel like I really improved my graphic design skills this semester with the artstracts. I have notoriously bad handwriting and drawing/painting skills, so finding a medium I’m not awful in has been exciting.

 

Conclusion

This course developed the core competencies Concordia considers integral to its education through a variety of ways. Neurochemistry was a very engaging class with topics ranging from cool to mind blowing. My ability to read scientific papers was further refined in this course, as was my ability to draw conclusions form the papers. This class has already improved my research by giving me new ideas on what pathways need adjustment in a variety of illnesses. I think the knowledge gained in this class will carry with me throughout my education and future career.

The sleep Cycle

while we sleep, we cycle through different stages. In this blog post, I will give a blurb of information about each stage of the cycle.

Stage 1

Stage 1 is when we first enter sleep and where our sleep is the lightest possible and can easily be disrupted. This is also when our muscles begin to weaken and our eye movement is slow.

Stage 2

Stage 2 is marked by slower brain waves. This is when our eyes stop moving. While brainwaves have begun to slow, there are brief periods of time where there will be short bursts of activity.

Stages 3 and 4 

Stage 3 is classified as the period of entering deep sleep. Slower waves begin to show. During the 4th stage, the slower waves are at times interrupted with waves that are a little more hyperactive. during both of these stages is when an individual is in or has entered deep sleep. When individuals are awoken from these specific stages, they feel groggy and disoriented.

REM Sleep or Stage 5

REM stands for “rapid eye movement” and that is exactly what occurs during this stage in sleep. Our eyes rapidly move back and forth while our breathing becomes more rapid and while we are paralyzed, our heart rate and blood pressure increase. An individual awakened from this stage can recall their dreams.

 

5 Stages of Sleeping Cyclehttps://www.sleepassociation.org/about-sleep/what-is-sleep/

Learning To Read from a Scientist’s Perspective

I found that this specified class was unique compared to the other ones that I have taken during my time at Concordia. However, it was a good experience that helped me be able to understand more on comprehending data and information on multiple scientific articles. From what I learned from this class, I believe that visual and audio learning, from reading, are important types of learning for me when trying to comprehend complex scientific writing. The visual imagery of each neural pathway helped me understand what exactly goes on in the brain, allowing myself to understand the scientific writing. Hearing myself talk and converse on the topic also helped me as well. 

I found myself learning more on how to understand scientific writing styles and the skills, competences, and knowledge gained from this experience allowed me to apply this mode of study to other assignments and projects. An example in this instance is this senior seminar paper I am writing on solutions to climate change. The papers I read for my review are scientific articles and applying from what I learned on reading these types of articles in neurochemistry, I am able to comprehend what goes on in each of the experiments conducted in each paper. While this cannot be considered as a future goal right now, it was in November when I was writing my first draft for my review. 

Along with applying this way of study to my assignments, it has helped me understand more on the concepts of vocational value and liberal arts. Learning at a liberal arts institution to me is learning how to create a strong sense of social responsibility and expand your vocational values, expanding your intellectual and practical skills, such as communication, analytical, and problem-solving abilities, and a demonstrated ability to apply knowledge and skills in real-world settings. These new skills that I have obtained can be highlighted on my resume as skills and competencies that prove that I have improved by way of thinking on a problem and answer it with the best answer possible. An example of a type of problem I solved was describing how two neural receptors are similar but have different functions when a mechanism is carried out. Reading carefully and efficiently through this part of the paper is key.

The skills I believe that I have improved very well are reading comprehension, statistical analysis, and visual learning through studying certain parts of each research paper, or article. This includes scientific functions of each neural pathway written in the paper, understanding the results of each experiment, and once again the ability to learn by seeing the example of the neural pathway present in the paper.  Overall this type of class has shown me not just how to apply ways of study to a paper and understand it, but also to understand more on how each disease is caused and how certain mechanisms that happen in the brain develop. These were very interesting articles to read and I found that the course information was very interesting and fun to learn about. 

 

Sleep On It: The Impact of Sleep on Learning and Memory

How is Memory Consolidated?

In 1900, the idea that memories require time to become resistant to disruption was proposed: the consolidation hypothesis. In order for sensory information to become a stable memory, there are three stages of memory in which this information must pass through:

  • Sensory Memory (SM) – very brief memory storage that holds impressions of recent sensory information
    • Holds information for 1 second or less
  • Working Memory (WM) – storage that allows an individual to recall and manipulate information for a short period of time
    • Holds information for 30 seconds or less
  • Long-Term Memory (LTM) – storage of various memories and experiences
Figure 1. Artstract depicting the memory stages and their relationship

The underlying mechanisms of memory consolidation include protein synthesis necessary for long-term potentiation (LTP). LTP is a process in which synapses between neurons are persistently strengthened through repeated activation that produces enduring signal transmission. LTP is a form of synaptic plasticity, which is simply a change at neuronal synapses (junctions). The synthesis of proteins is necessary for the construction of large, stable, actin cytoskeletons (spines) that promote endurance of LTP. In order to induce LTP and protein synthesis, Ca2+ influx through glutamate binding to NMDA receptor channels and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels is necessary. Also, intracellular stores of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) may be released through ryanodine receptors (RyR) or IP3R Ca2+ binding. Then, protein synthesis may either occur locally (within the dendritic spine), or may result from genomic cascades (synapse/soma to nucleus). Local protein translation begins when a dendritic spine become stimulated and increases translation of specific proteins used to synthesize proteins necessary for LTP. In order for this protein synthesis to occur, activation of signaling pathways such as MAPK or mTOR, each activated by the BDNF-TrkB pathway, is necessary (Rudy, 2008).

Impacts of Sleep on Memory Consolidation

Figure 2. Morris water maze: learning and memory task for rodents

There are many studies that feature the benefits of sleep on memory consolidation. The neural connections necessary for memory stability have shown to be strengthened by sleep. While many researchers had initially stressed the importance of REM sleep for memory stability, many have shifted focus to non-REM (NREM), specifically slow-wave-sleep (SWS) (Cross et al., 2018). SWS has been shown to be heavily involved in the enhancement of declarative memories (facts and knowledge). Alternatively, REM sleep has been shown to improve consolidation of procedural memory (tasks). In animal models, deprivation of REM sleep following training in the Morris water maze (a rodent memory task) interfered with spatial learning and memory. It has also been shown that learning produces an increase in REM sleep. Interestingly, the onset and duration of REM sleep varies with task complexity (Xia and Storm, 2017).

Cellular Mechanisms

Although the underlying mechanisms of memory consolidation and sleep do not appear to be well-studied, certain researchers have begun to untangle some of its mystery. As stated earlier, Ca2+ release and activation of MAPK and mTOR signaling pathways is necessary for protein synthesis and the endurance of LTP. According to Xia and Storm (2017), Ca2+ influx through NMDA receptors activates CaM and the Ras/Raf/MEK/Erk signaling pathway (MAPK pathway).

Figure 3. The memory pathway (Xia and Storm, 2017).

The activation of CaM then activates adenylyl cyclase which promotes cAMP signaling to activate the MAPK signaling pathway as well. Upregulation of the MAPK signaling pathway positively regulates CRE-mediated transcription and protein synthesis necessary for LTP and subsequent memory formation. This signaling pathway maintains memory through circadian oscillations within the hippocampus during REM and SWS sleep, possibly reaching its maximum in REM sleep (Xia and Storm, 2017).

Sleep Deprivation (or Excessive Sleep)

Sleep deprivation has been shown to increase difficulty in memory retrieval and consolidation. It is likely that when one is sleep deprived (not getting enough REM or SWS sleep) the necessary signaling pathways are not being activated to promote protein synthesis and LTP. Also, many studies have hypothesized the idea of “overworked” neurons that are no longer able to function properly and retain necessary information. Due to this, it becomes much more difficult to access information learned previously. Conversely, similar symptoms may also be seen through excessive sleep. According to Ma et al. (2020), there is an inverted U-shape correlation between sleep duration and cognitive decline. This implies that too much or too little sleep can produce declines in cognitive ability, while intermediate sleep is necessary for optimal performance (Ma et al., 2020). Sleep recommendations for college students between the ages of 18 and 25 is 7-9 hours of sleep per night. In regard to learning and memory, sleep has been shown to be an essential biological process to promote health in the human brain and body.

References

Cross, Z. R., Kohler, M. J., Schlesewsky, M., Gaskell, M. G., & Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, I. (2018). Sleep-dependent memory consolidation and incremental sentence comprehension: Computational dependencies during language learning as revealed by neuronal oscillations. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00018

Ma, Y., Liang, L., Zheng, F., Shi, L., Zhong, B., & Xie, W. (2020). Association between sleep duration and cognitive decline. JAMA Network Open, 3(9). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.13573

Rudy, J. W. (2008). The Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. Sinauer Assoc.

Xia, Z., & Storm, D. (2017). Role of circadian rhythm and REM sleep for memory consolidation. Neuroscience Research, 118, 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2017.04.011

Spam prevention powered by Akismet