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No One Is Immune to Addiction

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How many of us remember sitting through the D.A.R.E program in school? Officers would come in and talk about the dangers of drug use and show photos of meth addicts, that to be honest, gave me nightmares for days afterwards. You’d be given the same lecture about drugs and alcohol in seventh grade health class. At that age, addicts were portrayed as being low class criminals. Reality teaches us that addiction does not care about whether you are below poverty lines or in the top 1%, nor does it care if you’re a good or bad person. Any person can become an addict. Are there genetic predispositions and environmental factors that increase your risk of developing addiction? Of course. But no one’s risk level is zero.
 
 
Also, often times, we associate heavy drug usage with big cities like LA, New York, and Chicago, or in areas along the coasts. Because of this, it’s easy to think that the Midwest doesn’t have issues with drugs and addiction, but unfortunately that isn’t the case. Dreamland is book written by Sam Quinones that lays out how black tar heroin made its way to lesser known regions and basically infiltrated the Midwest. It can be hard to wrap one’s brain around the idea that drugs are everywhere in the United States
 
 
As I mentioned before, as kids, we warned against using drugs and alcohol, mainly through scare tactics. However, not once was I told the science of why they were bad or the changes that they made to the brain (besides the ever-common remark, “kills brain cells”).
 
 

The Science of Addiction:

 
In our brains, there is a neurotransmitter known as dopamine, that is highly associated with our feelings of pleasure. Dopamine has two types of receptors, D1 and D2. D1 is linked to our “reward pathway” and creates those good feelings. D2, on the other hand, is linked to our “punishment pathway”. When a drug is consumed, it increases the release of dopamine in the brain. Dopamine will then bind to its receptors and will activate them. When D1 is activated, it turns on the reward pathway and when D2 is activated, the punishment pathway is shut off and so we have strong levels of pleasure from the drug.
 
During all of this, our brains are forming memories that associate the drug with those feelings of pleasure, known as cues. And so, when we encounter these cues our brain remembers taking the drug and we have signs of cravings. These memories cause changes to our brain that appear to be long-term and as of now, researchers have not figured out how to reverse these changes.
 
 
Featured Photo by: notbychanceinc

Community/Disease/Health/Hot topics

The Drug Chokehold

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We live in a society filled with education including mathematics, grammar, physical health, etc. but further, our society teaches the young population about the negative effects involved in drug and alcohol abuse. We even go as far as to offer classes and information for parents so they can be better informed about the negativities involved in drug abuse and how to help prevent their children from doing drugs. However, there is a still a large population involved in drug abuse in our society. And despite the intensely devastating lifestyles these people live, they are still doing drugs. As a society we are left with some questions.
How does drug use take control over people’s lives despite the negative consequences?
First, let’s discuss the physical process behind drug addiction because it is quite important in understanding the motives of drug abusers.
A Biological Perspective of Drug Addiction
Step one: Take any addictive drug of choice (i.e. alcohol, opioids, methamphetamines) and experience the brain’s reaction.
Step two: The brain’s initial reaction to drugs involves a large amount of dopamine produced in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), simply a region in the brain, and released in a different region of the brain, the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The NAc is an important region of the brain because it contains the dopamine receptors necessary to produce a reaction. There are two types of receptors dopamine binds, D1 and D2. When dopamine binds D1, a direct pathway is activated and initiates reward sensations in the brain. When dopamine binds D2, an indirect pathway is inhibited and stops punishment or pain sensations in the brain. This means maximal reward is occurring in the brain and on the street is called a “high.”
Step three: The brain begins to physically change after prolonged use and sometimes even after the first drug use. The neurons and connections in your brain begin to morph into a drug addicted pathway (spines, larger surface areas for reception, etc.) and stay like that even after drug use stops. Therefore, relapse is something that is inevitable, not for the lack of trying. Some of the changes that occur in the brain cause the body to 1. react to certain cues in everyday life that trigger drug use by increasing dopamine in the brain, 2. reduced sensitivity to non-drug rewards, and 3. spine growth on dendrites of neurons in the brain, creating a size and shape change (not good).
What Does This Mean?
Drug addiction is a serious mental health issue that is not a matter of choice because the brain physically cannot choose anything but the drug. The brain has been physically morphed and takes a lifetime, if ever, to change back to normal. When someone breaks a bone, we do not expect them to walk or move normally because they have been physically changed. Well, the same goes for drug addiction. Therefore, drug addicts experience a “chokehold” and must tap out – revert to drug abuse over and over again.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867415009629

Health

Scare Tactics or Science Talk: Different Approaches to Drug Education

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My Drug Education Experience

I have always operated under the motto of “Drugs are bad”. But it wasn’t until a recent paper discussion in neurochemistry that I began to understand the science behind addiction. I recall taking a health class in school that had a unit on drugs and alcohol. We watched the typical videos about people overdosing, driving under the influence, and were given graphic details on side-effects and. I received the simple message that drugs were bad because they would ruin your life.
Scare tactics like these work for some people. They certainly worked for me. However, not all students take the information pushed on them in school to heart. Some people experiment in high school or college. Maybe they go to a party and there are drugs present and it seems like no big deal. Perhaps drugs are common and easily available at home. For some, scare tactics fall short because drugs are part of the normal environment. So how can they be reached?

Parental Involvement

My parents are a big influence as to why I do not partake in illegal substance use. I have a good relationship with my parents for which I am thankful for. I know not everyone has the best relationships with their parents and not all parents have the much-needed talks with their children surrounding drugs or alcohol. My parents never explicitly sat me down to talk about drugs, but I simply knew they’d be disappointed if I started to use illegal substances. My mom made it clear that I could always use her as an excuse to say no to anything I didn’t want to do.
As I have gone through my undergrad years, developing my own personal values and beliefs, I have given some thought to what I may tell my kids (if that is in my future) surrounding the topic of drugs and alcohol. Some parents take the strict end of the spectrum and say absolutely no to even thinking about using drugs or alcohol. That may lead to children who don’t feel comfortable coming to their parents if they need help and kids that end up sneaking around behind their parents’ backs. Other parents go the other extreme and act more like friends to their kids giving them the sense that whatever they do is fine and they will even join them.
My parents landed in a happy medium. I knew illegal substances were off limits, but I could always talk to my parents if I needed to. They understood that things happen and wanting to fit in is a real issue that doesn’t go away once you’ve reached adulthood. I expect I will emulate my parents’ stance in the future.

The Science Behind It All

A route that may work even better for some kids is to explain to them the neuroscience behind drugs and addiction. In a way this is similar to scare tactics because frankly it is some scary stuff. You don’t even have to know a lot about neuroscience and the brain to be able to understand some of the addiction basics. Schools and parents could easily use a logical scientific explanation for their kids if that will reach them better.
Dopamine is the chemical your brain releases in response to something you find pleasurable, like drugs, food, and sex. This chemical is what gives you that “feel good” sensation that makes you want more. The amount of dopamine is regulated closely to ensure proper functioning of many aspects of the brain. The pathway that drugs and dopamine work on is the mesolimbic pathway shown below.

When someone takes drugs, they get an increase of dopamine release to various brain regions. The drug causes dopamine producing neurons in the ventral tegmentum area (VTA) to release dopamine to the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The dopamine binds to receptors and stimulates the NAc to release dopamine to the prefrontal cortex. This all results in the “high” people feel when taking drugs.
Repeated drug use causes this dopamine pathway to be more active than normal. Drugs cause changes to neuron growth and connectivity, ultimately making the pathway stronger. This change to the structure of the brain increases reactivity to drug cues and reduces sensitivity to non-drug rewards. The fact that drugs change brain structure and neuron growth makes addiction a neurological disease.

What Works for You?

In the end it comes down to what works for you so that you or your children don’t become addicted to substances. Between scare tactics, parental involvement, and a scientific explanation there are plenty of routes to choose from. For me scare tactics seemed to work, but as a biology and neuroscience major identifying addiction as a neurological disease that changes the brain structure helped me to understand addiction in a different light. Instead of blaming a person for becoming addicted, I now know addiction is much more complicated

Sources:

For more on the science behind addiction check out this article: http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(15)00962-9
Featured Image: https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/scicurious/addiction-showcases-brain-flexibility

Community/Disease/Health/Hot topics/Uncategorized

Addicted and Trapped

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Just This Once

Think back to those college days of little responsibility and too much fun. Some of us were so caught up with our desire to “fit in” and be “cool,” that when offered a drink of alcohol or a “hit” of some drug, we simply could not refuse. Many of us probably thought to ourselves, “It’s not a big deal; after all, it is just this one time.” Or is it?
I have never personally connected addiction to neurochemistry, but rather I have always associated addiction with personal choice. It has also never occurred to me that one could become addicted to alcohol or drugs after one single, potentially innocent exposure. Through the study of current neurochemistry research, I have been awakened to the reality that addiction is neurological, NOT personal choice.  Addiction has implications in the neurological wiring of our brains that metaphorically TRAPS us in the never-ending cycle of cue exposure, craving, and relapse.
 

Dopamine: My “Feel Good”

Dopamine, a neurotransmitter involved in reward-motivated behavior, is released in the brain when we partake in something pleasurable, whether that be drugs, alcohol, food, or sex. The dopamine concentration within the brain needs to be regulated in order to ensure proper functioning, which is the main problem in addiction.
There are many types of dopamine receptors in the brain that undergo various biochemical reactions when dopamine binds, but D1 and D2 receptors are of particular importance in the brain’s reward pathway:
D1: Direct reward pathway activation; lower affinity for dopamine (activated by high concentrations of dopamine)
D2: Indirect punishment/aversion pathway inhibition; higher affinity for dopamine (activated by low concentrations of dopamine)
When taking drugs or alcohol, dopamine is released in central brain regions, specifically the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA).  In response to a drug cue or drug itself, dopamine neurons in the VTA cause a rapid increase in dopamine release from the NAc.  This rapid type of dopamine release causes stimulation of both low-affinity D1 and high-affinity D2 receptors.  When both of these receptors are activated you receive maximal reward (“feel good” feeling), because the D1 receptors stimulate reward feelings and D2 receptors are inhibit/block feelings of aversion
Figure 1. Reward circuitry in the brain.

Trapped

Depending on various factors (genetics, age, type of drug, etc.), one could become addicted after their first substance exposure, or may never form an addiction even after numerous uses.  When you abuse substances and dopamine is released in significant quantities in the brain, the high-affinity D2 receptors become overstimulated. Over time your body tries to regulate this overstimulation by lessening the number of D2 receptors in the brain. This requires you to take more of a drug or drink more alcohol in order to achieve the same maximal reward and “feel good,” also known as tolerance.  This down-regulation of D2 receptors also leads to a lack of prefrontal cortex stimulation (responsible for decision-making), and thus a decrease in self-control and an increase in compulsive behavior.
During drug or alcohol use, the brain creates reward circuits and strengthens connections with the hippocampus (memory center) and amygdala (emotion center). Due to these connections, drug and alcohol use are associated with “cues,” such as a specific location, person, or time of day.  These cues remind you of using drugs or alcohol, and when exposed to these cues, dopamine is released within the VTA and NAc, giving you that CRAVING feeling we all know far too well.  The strong, built-up neural connections in the reward pathway associated with the abused drug(s) or alcohol TRAP you inside of a cycle of craving and impulsive behavior that ultimately lead to relapse.
Figure 2. Dopamine D2 receptor availability in healthy brain vs. substance abuse brain.
 

Addiction Relief?

Can one ever escape from this viscous cycle?  The neural connections in the reward pathway associated with abused substances are strong and do not disappear rapidly, even after the cessation of substance use.  Currently, there is minimal research on whether the brain is able to restore itself to normal circuity after one ceases from using the previously abused substance.  Brain stimulation is at the forefront of addiction treatment research, but has yet to be approved by the FDA due to many associated risks and side-effects.  If there is one thing that you take away from this blog, it would be that addiction is NOT a personal choice, it is a neurological disorder, one that is relentless and extremely difficult to treat.  So next time someone offers you a “hit” or a “pull,” think twice.
 
For more information on the neurochemistry of addiction, please visit:
http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(15)00962-9
 
Featured Images from:
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/mental-health/drug-abuse-and-drug-addictions/v/reward-pathway-in-the-brain
http://www.edinformatics.com/news/drug_addiction_treatment.htm

Disease/Health/Uncategorized

Schizophrenia as a Neurodevelopmental Disorder?

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IDEA Schizophrenia for a large portion of the world population is thought to be a very dangerous psychological condition that occurs when people “lose their noodle” or “go crazy”. For the most part, they are not entirely wrong, however, schizophrenia develops a lot more from a biological point of view than what people know.
DIAGNOSIS according to the DSM-V (Diagnosis book used by mental illness diagnosticians), the diagnosis of schizophrenia must have at least two of the following symptoms: Hallucinations, Delusions, Disorganized speech, Disorganized behavior, Poverty of speech, Decrease emotional range, loss of interest and drive, or tremendous inertia (skeptical about change).
BRAIN Now that the psychological aspect has been laid out, lets delve deeper into the behind the brain scenes. Evidence of damaged or underdeveloped prefrontal cortex of the brain leads to the disorganized thinking, along with psychosis due to the excess release of dopamine. An fMRI study using 18 schizophrenic patients and 19 normal control individuals was done in order to compare the activation of the prefrontal cortex and the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area (responsible for dopamine release). It was found that the activation in the schizophrenic’s prefrontal cortex was significantly less than normal, along with the increase of dopamine being confirmed from the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area.
WHY?
The reason behind these brain changes is due to loss of neuron connectivity from the cerebellum to the amygdala, or the amygdala to the prefrontal cortex (not confirmed where along this line connections are not forming). with these connections not being formed, this slows neural plasticity in the brain, and keeps connections from strengthening during brain development stages (ages 0-25). with these connections that are missing, this allows neurons from other pathways to form and create connections in areas that they are not supposed to. This explains why a majority of schizophrenic patients that are diagnosed are before the age of 25. Since these connections are not being formed and strengthening by growth, the normal brain size for a schizophrenic is smaller than that of a normal human brain.Continue reading →

Community/Disease/Health

Supporting the Supporters

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Imagine this: someone close to you- a family member, friend, co-worker-has recently been diagnosed with schizophrenia. What do you do? How do you continue to love them and give them the support that they need? The most important thing that you can do is educate yourself about the disease.
Schizophrenia is a brain disease. It arises from problems with brain connectivity during fetal development. Disruptions in a signaling pathway termed the “Wnt pathway” cause the malformations in brain connectivity. Other risk factors can include infection during pregnancy, genetic dispositions, or even just random chance.
Early brain disturbances lead to cognitive impairments for the rest of an individuals life. Although there are cognitive impairments starting at a young age, symptoms are often not observed until later in life.
Symptoms of Schizophrenia include:

  • Hallucinations
  • Delusions
  • Agitated Movements
  • Reduced feelings of pleasure
  • Suicidal thoughts
  • Reduced expression of emotions
  • Hearing voices

Many of the symptoms of schizophrenia are also symptoms of other mental health diseases- depression, bipolar disease, anxiety- making it quite hard to diagnose schizophrenia. When schizophrenia is diagnosed, individuals are usually prescribed an anti-psychotic. These medications come with a long list of side effects that make patient compliance quite low.
Often, the burden of taking care of people with schizophrenia falls on the people who are close to the affected individual. In a study done in Ethiopia in 2003, 93.5% of caregivers of a schizophrenic patient reported caring for their individual for 7 or more hours a day. This is equivalent of a full time job. 90% of the caregivers also reported never being able to get their mind off of their individual.
This leads to the question, how can you take care of your loved one, while also taking care of yourself?

  1. Reach out to resources in your community.  It is important that caregivers of those with schizophrenia don’t isolate and continue to take care of themselves so that care of the schizophrenic individual is possible. An online support group or your local chapter of the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill are good places to start.
  2. Educate friends and family. Mental illnesses can be hard for other people to understand, but some of the stigma can be erased if others understand what is happening with your loved one.
  3. Take breaks. You need to allow yourself to have a life. Self- care is as important as care for your loved one. To be able to care for others, you must care for yourself.

If you are a supporter, you are already doing your loved one the greatest gift by sticking with them and trying to understand the complicated process of their brain disease. Now, give yourself the greatest gift and practice self care. There is support for the supporter. 
More information on schizophrenia can be found here
For more resources for the supporter
 

Disease

Understanding the Voices

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What is the cause of schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia is a commonly known mental illness that is caused by improperly controlled signaling in the brain. There are many chemical pathways in the brain that need to function correctly in order for it to properly develop during the first twenty-five years of life. If these pathways do not signal and function as they should, mental illness can result.
One of the underlying causes of schizophrenia is an overabundance of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain. The excessive dopamine is produced in the basal ganglia of the brain and travels to the striatum in the brain where it binds to its D2 dopamine receptors.
When dopamine binds to its receptors, this causes the subsequent signaling pathways, the Wnt and GSK3 pathways, to be ineffective in signaling for neural development and growth. The development of neurons and neural circuitry is inhibited, and therefore smaller brain size can result, which is commonly seen in people with Schizophrenia.
The loss of gray matter occurs mostly in the hippocampus, the prefrontal cortex, and the basal ganglia regions of the brain. Brain loss in these areas can present as disordered thinking, agitation, memory loss, mental confusion, hallucinations, hearing voices and inappropriate emotional response, which are many of the symptoms of schizophrenia.

Diagnosing schizophrenia
The complications with neural development early on can cause schizophrenia, however it is difficult to recognize the disease until people are in their late teens or twenties. It can be very challenging to diagnose at a young age, because children are still changing and maturing, and the behaviors may be too indistinct to associate with schizophrenia until maturity is reached.
Another factor that makes diagnosis challenging is that symptoms might not present themselves until a certain traumatic event or environmental change triggers their onset. The factors that are involved with schizophrenia are not only genetic, but they are environmental as well, and certain events may cause damage to the neural circuitry that could lead to the manifestation of disease symptoms.
 
What can we do to help?
It is important for the public to be aware that schizophrenia is a very serious illness and that it can be highly debilitating for those who are unable to experience relief with medications. Some people with schizophrenia may have trouble keeping a job if they have to miss work too many days when they are having a hard time. It may also be difficult to maintain healthy relationships because the symptoms can include cognitive, mood, behavioral and psychological inconsistencies, which might make it hard for others to feel comfortable. It is necessary that we are understanding of people dealing with this difficult disease and that we dedicate the time to listen and recognize what they are going through.
It is useful to keep in mind that mental illness is a health problem like any other chronic disease someone may be dealing with, and that the patients need all of the support and care they can get from family, friends, coworkers and the public. We need to recognize schizophrenia as a legitimate disease and treat those affected as we would anyone else dealing with a chronic health problem.
 
For more information on the Wnt and GSK3 signaling pathways visit the attached link: https://moodle.cord.edu/pluginfile.php/625277/mod_resource/content/2/2013%20wnt%20GSK%20and%20schizophrenia.pdf
For more information on altered areas of the brain in people with schizophrenia, visit the attached links:
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/news/science-news/2013/mapping-brain-circuits-provides-clues-to-schizophrenia-earlier-detection-of-psychosis.shtml
http://www.schizophrenia.com/disease.html
 
 
 

Disease/Health

Expectation v. Reality: The Blurred Truth of Schizophrenia

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On your walk home today, you witness two feathers floating to the ground. You can imagine the crispness of their hollow shaft and the softness of their feathers running through your hand… but what if someone told you only one of them was real?
 
You experienced both feathers in the same capacity, so you would have no reason to believe one feather is not real without that outside perspective. This experience is one of the harshest realities schizophrenic individuals battle daily.
 
Schizophrenia can interfere with an individual’s life in many ways. This chronic brain disorder can be accompanied by hallucinations, decreased concentration, lack of motivation, and social withdrawal.
 
Many areas of the brain are negatively impacted by schizophrenia. This can range from memory deficits managed by the hippocampus to internally generated thoughts in the Wernicke’s area of the auditory system that are perceived as voices coming from the outside. Schizophrenic patients also exhibit smaller brains, less gray matter, and neuronal disconnectivity between brain regions than their control counterparts.
 
The scientific community has been investigating the inner-workings of schizophrenia in the brain. Right now, they know that the Wnt (a receptor) pathway has an important role, as the inhibition of beta-catenin (a molecule in this pathway) is correlated with schizophrenia. Overactive dopamine receptors have also been associated with schizophrenia, which cause decreased neural growth and connectivity.
 
These physical changes of the brain are what influence schizophrenic symptoms. Unfortunately, there is no cure for schizophrenia; only medication to assist with the management of their symptoms.  However, there is a caveat with treating mental illnesses that only cover up the symptoms of the disease.
 
If you’ve ever had to adhere to any medication schedule, you would understand the struggle of planning your life around your medication. That can be incredibly frustrating at times, but if you are hypertensive and you see that your medication is lowering your blood pressure, you are more likely to continue to take the medication because you see its benefit.
 
For individuals with schizophrenia who experience an altered state of mind, their medication regimen is often a balancing act that cannot manage all of their symptoms. Because they cannot always see the benefit of their medication in addition to the side effects of anti-psychotics, schizophrenic patients have very low adherence to their medication.
 
Reality is relative for schizophrenic individuals, as their blurred reality is much different than someone without schizophrenia. Their blurred truth is more manageable with anti-psychotic medications, but our reality should focus in the wider scope:  a cure.
 

Disease/Health/Uncategorized

Born Schizophrenic: Forever Schizophrenic?

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Born Schizophrenic

Picture yourself at 6 1/2 years old, no responsibilities or cares in the world.  Now, imagine for a moment that you spend almost every single day within the depths of your home, you get easily upset to the point of no self-control multiple times per day, and you see and hear things that are not physically present but will not leave you alone.  Can you fathom living this life forever?
Meet Briana, a 6 1/2 year old dark-haired beauty who spends her days actively fighting schizophrenia.  Briana often struggles through hallucinations and psychosis episodes throughout each day, some of which lead to violent actions, instead of enjoying beach days or playing dress up with her sister like I was doing at 6 1/2 years old.
 

 

How is Briana’s brain different from those without schizophrenia?

The key factor behind schizophrenic symptoms is the abnormal communication between the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain, which is due to neuronal disconnectivity between the two brain regions that likely occurs during development. Can you think back to a time when you have had to complete a group project with people who did not carry their own weight?  Was it frustrating completing that group project without effectively communicating with other group members?  Yeah, it is like that, except in the brain.
 

Cops and robbers in the brain

This neuronal disconnectivity occurs due to a disruption in what is referred to as the Wnt and GSK3 signaling pathway. Let us consider Wnt similar to a cop, B-catenin a town citizen, and the destruction complex a “robber.”  GSK3 is a kinase molecule that is part of the destruction complex, or a part of the “robber.”  Wnt, as a cop, likes to check up on the citizens of his town and when present, he stabilizes the safety of his citizens by “ridding” of the robbers. This allows the town citizens to carry on with their duties of helping their children develop.
When Wnt is present in the brain, it binds to a “Frizzled” receptor, which then causes the dissociation of a destruction complex that normally “robs” a molecule, B-catenin, of its normal function.  The inhibition of the destruction complex allows B-catenin levels to rise and B-catenin then diffuses into the nucleus of the cell where it increases gene transcription of proteins that are vital in neural development.
 

Wnt/GSK3 Signaling Pathway

 

Kidnapping neural development

In the schizophrenic brain, there is a dramatic increase in dopamine levels within the brain. This is a problem because dopamine will bind to its receptors, and when it binds specifically to its D2 receptors, the D2 receptors directly bind and inhibit the workings of B-catenin, and thus a lack of protein production for neural development results.  
The D2 receptor is similar to a kidnapper, in that it kidnaps B-catenin and keeps it from working. The activated D2 receptors also lead to the inhibition of another molecule, Akt. Akt normally functions as the helpful citizen, aiding citizens in need by keeping the bad guys at bay. However, when Akt is not able to keep the bad guys at bay, this leads to a functional destruction complex, or more specifically an increase in GSK3 activity, a large part of the destruction complex. This results in a lack of stabilized, functional B-catenin, and thus a decrease in protein production for neural development.
 

Forever Schizophrenic?

Currently, antipsychotic medications are prescribed to those suffering with schizophrenia in order to reduce both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, but these drugs fail to cure the disease itself.  Antipsychotic drugs reduce symptoms of schizophrenia by acting as antagonists to the D2 receptors in the brain, similar to directly blockading the D2 receptors and ceasing their effects in the brain. The use of antipsychotic drugs is questionable when we consider all of their potential side effects, including tardive dyskinesia, acute dystonias, weight gain, nausea, drowsiness, restlessness, muscle spasms, among many others.
Is there hope in creating a drug or therapy that could potentially “fix” the neural disconnectivity in the schizophrenic brain? Will schizophrenics forever have to choose between suffering the symptoms of schizophrenia or the side effects of antipsychotics? If you are born schizophrenic, will you always live as a schizophrenic? Only time and research will tell.
 
For more information on the neuroscience behind schizophrenia and the Wnt/GSK3 Signaling Pathway, please visit:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23379509
 
Featured Image from:
https://i1.wp.com/cobbersonthebrain.areavoices.com/files/2017/10/wntfig1.jpg?ssl=1

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