Cobbers on the Brain – Page 49 – Student Commentary on the Neurological Sciences

Well, I Think I’ve PEAKed

Posted on December 20, 2019 by / 0 Comment

I was completely horrified at the prospect of taking another chemistry class, much less a senior-level chemistry class. Chemistry is not my friend and as a result I was very worried about taking Neurochemistry. Even the name sounds a little scary. However, I was pleasantly surprised and it has been a good experience for me. The purpose of this post is to outline how this class has applied to the goals for liberal learning.

Instill a Love of Learning

This is the goal that I think has been featured the most prominently in this class. We did not understand all of the information that was presented in the articles we read and it was our job to come and say what we didn’t understand and needed help with. We were then assigned a topic to research for the following class. This presented an opportunity for us to dig into the literature and do research that would be helpful to the whole class. I have also found that there is a difference between reading something for your own benefit of understanding and reading so that you can explain the content to someone else. Selecting topics also allowed us to decide what we were comfortable with. My background is in psychology and neuroscience so the topics that were connected to that felt safe to me, however, there were times that I tried to stretch myself and take topics that were not exactly in the areas that I was comfortable with.

Develop Foundational Skills and Transferable Intellectual Capacities

Throughout this class we were challenged to utilize a storytelling format. This made me think about how to explain the science in a way that would make sense to more than just me. This happened on Wednesdays when we were challenged to explain to each other what we had learned in our research. This was difficult but many of the people in the class had some background knowledge. The challenge was doing this in our blogs. We had to work under the assumption that most people would have very little knowledge about the science behind the topics that we were focused on. This can be very difficult to do and I realize that I am guilty of not taking other people’s background knowledge into account. This comes to my attention when someone I am talking to speaks up about needing a little more information. However, I can only imagine how many people have not wanted to speak up. It is important for scientists to be able to explain the science because we do the research we do because it is important to the general public and everyone should be able to understand it if they want to.

Another big component of his class was our community action projects (CAP). My group’s project was based around PTSD in he Fargo-Moorhead refugee community. This project went through a lot of changes and was a very time intensive project. I think this was a good lesson for me that not everything goes according to plan and it is important to adjust to those changes. This project was also my first experience working on a project that was going to truly impact the community. It was a very meaningful experience and a reminder that I am in college so that I can make a positive impact on the world.

This course also fostered a sense of cooperation that is not seen in many classes. Typically there is not much communication among students about the course content. In Neurochemistry we had to rely on others in the class to help us understand aspects of the articles and discussions on Friday allowed us to see the perspectives of our classmates. Cooperation is an important skill throughout life and some of the best ideas come from cooperation.

Develop an understanding of disciplinary, and interdisciplinary and intercultural perspectives and their connections

The focus of my group’s CAP was one that required an understanding of cultural differences. The goal of our project was to develop a program for students to meet with refugees and we had to think of how to do this in a way that would allow for an understanding of the refugees’ cultures and a sensitivity towards their life circumstances.

Friday discussions were a good way for me to think about what I knew from my background in psychology and neuroscience and how it could relate to the topic of the week. I could also hear the perspectives of students who had a different educational background than myself. There was also the opportunity to hear the perspectives of other students that were based on their own personal experiences.

Cultivate and Examined Cultural, Ethical, Physical and Spiritual Self-Understanding

The CAP project was an opportunity for me to examine how different my life is than the life of refugees. A big part of my Concordia experience has been focused around examining the privilege we have in the world and how to utilize that privilege to make the world better. I think the CAP project was a good experience in how to do that to make the lives of others better.

Encourage Responsible Participation in the World

The first part of the CAP was to examine what need as seen in the community. There is a tendency to do projects that we find interesting without critically examining the needs of people who are living in the community. The hope is that the project we worked on becomes something sustainable and continues to positively impact the lives of people in the community and Concordia students.

The air of cooperation that was found in this class was also much more responsible than the typically sense of indifference or competition that can be found in many courses. We should be willing to help facilitate the learning of our fellow students.

I am grateful for the experience I have had in Neurochemistry and my experience at Concordia in general. We have been encouraged to Become Responsibly Engaged in the World and our education is designed to prepare us for this. Liberal Arts comes from Latin and the literal translation is the skills needed to be free. It is not enough to have a lot of knowledge about neuroscience. Responsible participation means a well-rounded background designed to show the importance of all subject areas.

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It’s Official: I’ve Finally PEAKED

Posted on December 20, 2019 by / 0 Comment

Concordia College is known for many things, including the Concordia Choir, the Christmas Concert, and of course, Kernel Cobb. However, the institution is also renowned for its high academic standard and liberal arts education, which emphasizes students being responsibly engaged in the world.

The chemistry department is not exempt from this academic standard. It provides students a strong foundation in chemistry while simultaneously demonstrating how chemistry is used in the world. No class exemplifies this more than Neurochemistry 475. The course not only allowed me to investigate the neurochemistry of prominent diseases and disorders but also forced me to use this knowledge and help the people of my community. These experiences outside of the classroom helped me learn things you can’t learn from a book. Not only have I been able to learn about the chemistry of debilitating diseases such as obesity, addiction, and Alzheimer’s, but I have also been able to positively impact my community. This is the emphasis of being responsibly engaged in the world and encompasses the five goals for liberal learning.

The first goal of liberal learning is to instill a love for learning. Since I have been a small child, I have always loved to learn. My mother would often set a timer to put a limit on the number of questions I could ask. This course fostered my natural inquisitiveness. Attempting to understand the chemical problems of the brain as well as discussing potential cures for these diseases hooked me from the first week of class. However, the PEAK aspect of the course opened my eyes to a new style of learning. The hands-on education I experienced by working with Lutheran Social Services to help the refugee population of Fargo-Moorhead not only fueled my love of knowledge but has given me a thirst to see the ways Concordia can benefit the surrounding community.

This course also helped me develop foundational skills and transferable intellectual capacities, the second goal for liberal learning. The ability to communicate with other individuals was essential for this course. The Wednesday speed dating class and the Friday discussions enhanced my ability to discuss complex scientific topics in ways that most people could understand. Imperative to this was the “and, but, therefore,” format which was drilled into us. Once again, the PEAK aspect was vital to the refinement of my communication skills. Constant communication between the group members of our project was imperative for its success, but more importantly, effectively communicating with LSS has set the foundation for our refugee mentorship program.

The third goal of liberal learning is developing an understanding of disciplinary, interdisciplinary, and intercultural perspectives and their connections. The research associated with our PEAK project required an understanding of chemistry and psychology as well as social work. Examining the impact of PTSD on the refugee population of Fargo required in-depth knowledge of chemistry as well as psychology. However, when working with the community, it is imperative to look past the chemistry and sciences and look at what is truly important, the people. The refugees come from a variety of areas, and as such, being aware of their culture is imperative to understand how the symptoms of PTSD will manifest. Working within the chemistry department and social work departments, as well as LSS, has allowed me to know of the importance of interdisciplinary and intercultural perspectives.

Neurochemistry has also expanded my cultural, ethnic, physical, and spiritual self-understanding. Examining the role of chemistry in several neurogenerative diseases developed my physical understanding of the brain. Discussions around preventing several of these diseases also crossed into ethical opinions. For example, using CRISPER to alter human genes is a moral question, the near future will have to address. The PEAK project also expanded my cultural and ethical understandings of the world. Being able to talk with LSS and understanding the cultural backgrounds of the refugee populations in Fargo broadened my cultural perspectives.

The final goal for liberal learning is to encourage responsible participation in the world. The proposed program with LSS is a prime example of how this course has helped inspire us to participate in the world. By using our knowledge of chemistry as well as the other skills that are given to us by Concordia, we can directly help those of us in the community.

Concordia College has shaped me into the man I am today. The high-quality education offered by the chemistry department has allowed me better to understand the role of chemistry in nature. The faculty have shown me the importance of further education and how this education can benefit society. For these reasons, I have decided to pursue a Ph.D. in chemistry. Concordia College and the liberal arts education has given me the tools, both in and outside of the classroom, to benefit society. A quote from Dr. Jensen demonstrates the importance of liberal arts education. “People come to Concordia for several reasons; however, no one ever comes here for the thing that could be most important. The liberal arts education is the most important gift this institution can give its students.” The liberal arts education of Concordia has expanded my knowledge, cultural and spiritual understandings, and allowed me to look past my own desires to how I can impact those around me. I owe all my future endeavors to Concordia College. Thanks for everything and I hope to make you all proud.

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Neurochem, You’ve PEAKed my Interest

Posted on December 19, 2019 by / 0 Comment

Throughout the last four years, through the grit and the grind of earning an undergraduate degree, it was easy to forget the significance of continued learning. We often accumulate and take in information to pass exams and hopefully, retain that information. It is too easily forgotten why we are studying what we are studying. For me, I was periodically reminded why exactly I was pursuing a college degree and what specifically I was gaining. It was in the moments where I realized I was drawing connections between things I had learned semesters ago to the material I was currently studying. I was reminded specifically that what I was gaining was a love for learning, and this was from day one at Concordia. This happened time and again while studying neurochemistry. Politics, history, and current events-they were all discussed in the class, and I could draw on my knowledge of the chemistry, religion, psychology and more that I’ve learned here to give educated opinions and ideas. This, the knowledge I’ve gained, I truly love.

I gained skills like being able to effectively explain complex ideas to those unfamiliar with the material through writing blog posts on scientific journals and explaining specific topics during weekly “speed dating.” I was encouraged to develop my ideas and perspectives in areas outside of the sciences in weekly article discussions related to real-world problems that affect different cultures, disciplines and more. Additionally, in these weekly discussions, tt was imperative that I encourage others to share their opinions without casting judgement, because in a judgement-free environment people feel comfortable having difficult discussions when they might have differing ideas and thought processes. However, this did not come without disagreement, which I believe is also important in growing responsible participation. Through respectful disagreement, I learned how to navigate respectfully in civil conversations, which is extremely important in being able to responsible engage with others in real-world settings in my future.

Though my future career is still undecided, the skills and knowledge gained in this class will allow me to examine situations with perspective. As we saw in the many articles we read, the brain and what causes humans to make certain decisions and act certain ways is often extremely complicated. With this understanding, I will be slow to judge and quick to ask questions. This is invaluable as my future goals lie in helping those in foreign countries who are less fortunate. Often times, there are connections between health, economic standing, and behavior. So, with my goal being to aide in purifying drinking water in Spanish-speaking countries, an understanding of the economic and health burdens that come with the reality of a lack of access to clean water will be crucial in being able to effectively help. This understanding includes drawing on the neurochemistry that is affected by unclean water. Helping the whole person, not the isolated problem, is possible by having this perspective. If I were to highlight a skill on my resume, it would be this improved ability to examine problems with perspective and draw connections between many disciplines.

Through this journey of the last four years, the personal aspect most amplified was my improved ability to understand myself. In all things-my faith, health, ethical and moral standards, perspective on culture-I’ve grown in appreciation. I’ve better discerned who I am, what I believe and why, and I am better able to defend these things eloquently. To me, this is what a liberal arts institution has to offer. A liberal arts institution like Concordia pushes students to ask tough questions, and mostly importantly, fight and struggle to answer those questions. A liberal arts institution represents an open invitation to grow, gain understanding, and go into the world better for it.

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Netflix and Chill vs. Environmental Stimulation and Brain Health

Posted on December 19, 2019 by / 0 Comment

Brain games, social activity, constant learning, exercise. Surely, they’re mentally and physically stimulating, not to mention they can be extremely enjoyable. But can a stimulating environment go beyond enjoyment and enter the realm of affecting something like your brain’s ability to combat the tolls of ageing like mental decline or protect itself after injury?

The Effects of Environmental Stimulation

Research in animal studies has shown that mental and physical stimulation can actually play a part in aiding your brain’s protective reserve. There are two types of reserve, cognitive and brain reserve . The two are very similar and intricately linked; cognitive reserve is the brain’s ability to resist and protect against damage while brain reserve is its ability to combat age and disease-related defects. Furthermore, the research has shown that this overall reserve plays an active role in reducing the risk of dementia and slowing the rate of memory decline. Additionally, these types of reserve have been linked to the brain’s capability to repair itself after a trauma.

Find Your Personal Environmental Stimulation

A stimulated environment can look different for everyone. Activities like knitting or board games might stimulate some while boring others, but the premise of stimulating your brain should nonetheless remain generally understood. Given that new research shows environmental stimulation can lead to increasing important brain function, it is arguably important to determine what exactly mentally stimulates you. Mental stimulation can be different from mental enjoyment, however. For example, watching Netflix for hours can be extremely relaxing and enjoyable, but often mindlessly watching television programs necessitates very little mental stimulation. Things like higher learning, attending social events, and playing instruments requires more mental exertion, and life experiences like these are said to grow the brain’s protective reserve. So, finding activities that not only you enjoy but that also cause your brain to “work harder” can prove to satisfy you both regarding entertainment and your long-term mental health.

The Science

Many portions of the brain have shown to be affected by environmental stimulation both at the cellular and molecular level.

At the cellular level: processes like neurogenesis, gliogenesis, angiogenesis, and synaptogenesis are promoted. Neurogenesis is the brain’s ability to produce new neurons from neural stem cells. Support has been shown for its role in the hippocampus of adults to increase the ability to acquire new memories. Gliogenesis is the process that makes glial cells, which include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, and microglia. These together play vital roles in regulating neurotransmission, modulating learning and neurogenesis, and providing structural and functional support to neurons. Angiogenesis is the process that develops new blood vessels, which is vital for proper brain function as oxygen and nutrients are required by neural tissue. Lastly, synaptogenesis is the creation of synapse connections between neurons, which is imperative in improving existing connections and making new neuronal connections.

At the molecular level: environmental stimulation can affect both early and late gene expression of the neocortext. This leads to changes in gene transcription that codes for particular proteins involved in neuronal transmission. The two main areas affected are changes in neurotransmitter and neurotrophin activity.

Regarding neurotransmitters: stimulation causes enhanced sensory, cognitive, and motor activity by changes to extracellular neurotransmitters, membrane transporters, and receptor levels many systems (for example, serotonergic and noradrenergic systems).

Regarding neurotrophins: neurotrophins bind to the p75 and Trk trans-membrane receptor proteins and they regulate neuronal development and function. Stimulation can affect the processes they’re involved in, like “cell proliferation and differentiation, axonal and dendritic growth and remodeling, synaptogenesis, and synaptic function and plasticity”. (To read more about this study, click here.)

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Stop Supersizing and Start Exercising

Posted on December 19, 2019 by / 0 Comment

“Americans, they’re so overweight.”

“Our country is getting bigger and bigger. We were much thinner when I was a kid.”

“Our food is so processed, but fast-food is convenient and much more delicious than healthy eating. Making healthy meals just takes too much time.”

These are just a few comments about today’s American culture regarding food. The problem is-they’re relatively true statements. America is arguably more fast-paced than earlier times and also more productive, but that comes at a cost. Increased productivity can come at the cost of bodily health, which often times means the way people eat can be affected. Fast-food is consequently often consumed to compensate for a lack of time needed to prepare home-cooked meals. In the short term, fast-food is the answer, but the long-term effects of eating it regularly can take a large toll on an individual, and data shows than the American people as a whole have not fared well in the wake of the American fast-food lifestyle.

The Problem

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), fast-food comprises approximately 11% of the average American diet, and this food is largely unhealthy due to added sugars, preservatives, and a lack of natural meats, fruits, and vegetables. (If you want to read more about the WHO’s analysis of eating in America, click here.) This is correlated to the rise in total calorie, meat, and grain consumption, ultimately leading to an increasingly obese society. Increased intake of unhealthy foods almost ensures an increased weight in the U.S. population, but another culprit is responsible, in part, for the rise of obesity: lack of exercise.

Along with an increase in unhealthy eating, Americans are exercising less and less. Whether it be from lack of time, inaccessibility to a workout facility, or an inadequate understanding of the overall benefits that accompany exercise, decreased exercise in America has nonetheless played a role in the rise in obesity trend.

A Solution

Many people are unaware of their options regarding healthy foods or healthy food preparation. Furthermore, many do not know of the true consequences of long-term unhealthy eating. A few of these consequences include: weight gain, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. To combat this, persistent education beginning at a young age should be pursued-a child’s education should include healthy lifestyle awareness as it affects their bodily health long-term. If young children, teenagers, and young adults are ingrained with the skills and knowledge of healthy eating and ways to prepare such food, as well as education on time-management in taking care of your bodily health, the obesity “epidemic” could be challenged.

The Science

Insulin and Leptin are hormones in the body that play a role in proper food intake and energy metabolism. During proper signaling after food intake, insulin and leptin work together to simultaneously inhibit the AgRP neurons while activating the POMC neurons. The increase in POMC neuronal activity in turn activates MC4R neuronal activity that is responsible for satiety and stimulation of energy expenditure. AgRP neurons tell your body to “eat” while POMC neurons tell your body your “full”, so when their inhibited and activated respectively, proper metabolic activity in response to food intake can occur. However, long-term overeating can lead to improper signaling in this pathway. Persistent overeating leads to neuronal inflammation that can lead to resistance of both the AgRP and POMC neurons, so overactivity in the AgRP neurons can continue, which tells your body to continue eating. This a vicious cycle of overeating due to the body’s inability to feel truly “satisfied.” This leads to the increased overall caloric intake and ultimately weight gain.

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Hard Drugs: They’re Doing What Now?

Posted on December 19, 2019 by / 0 Comment

At what point is someone addicted to drugs no longer capable of making the decision to continue using drugs? At what point does the long-term effect of using drugs affect the brain in such a way that it is virtually impossible to stop using drugs on your own? This is a topic that continues to be debated among both the scientific and legal communities.

Common Convention vs. A New Proposal

Currently, addicts can be held responsible for any action they take however under the influence they may be, or how far into their addiction they are. Although they are not entirely in control of their actions due to the change in their neurochemistry, the law states they are responsible for any actions that are a result of the initial decision to take drugs. So, what should be done if at some point, people are no longer physically able to make decisions for themselves other than to feed their addiction? One possible answer: change the way anti-drug campaigns are aimed at children and young teenagers.

Anti-drug campaigns traditionally have been centered around making drugs and alcohol seem as scary and unhealthy as possible. These campaigns are aimed at middle school kids who have very little prior knowledge Now although that is true, one could argue that this approach is dangerously misleading. Long-term, hard drug use can lead to extreme health decline and a loss of decision making regarding using the drugs, but this isn’t so apparent after the first use of a given hard drug. What most anti-drug campaigns don’t tell you is the reason they are so addictive is because they do give you an immediate, rewarding feeling known as a “high.” Being open and honest about this when talking about drugs could be crucial because after a kid uses for the first time and only sees the immediate pay off, they might begin to think that they were misled and that drugs truly couldn’t be that bad.

There is a happy medium between showing kids horrifying pictures of hard-core drug abuse and telling kids that drugs are as rewarding as they are rumored to be. Laying out the facts and being as honest as possible while maintaining the agenda of preventing drug abuse is a viable option.

The facts are

Drugs do give the immediate “high” that can be very rewarding, but it is a slippery slope since most addicts don’t realize they’re addicted till it is too late
Socially, drug users are outcasts, and being dependent on hard-core drugs makes holding down a proper job and living situation very difficult
Hard-core drug use cannot last before major medical problems occur

Before, kids were just told drugs and alcohol are bad for you and that they should just stay away. “Trust us,” with “us” being law enforcement. And even though it is true, telling kids to simply “not do drugs” glosses over the real, addictive powers of drugs.

The Science

Cocaine or methamphetamines cause a rapid increase of dopamine that is released in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (NA) and prefrontal cortex. These drugs are so addictive because they don’t allow for the reuptake of dopamine due to their strong binding to the dopamine-reuptake transporters. This blocking effect, which causes a long-lasting high concentration of dopamine in the synapse which go on to affect adjacent neurons, is the source of the notorious “high” feeling associated with taking cocaine and methamphetamines. Additionally, amphetamines cause the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein which goes on to affect synaptic plasticity and aide in creating the overall addictive behavior.

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PTSD and Its Effect on Making Memories

Posted on December 19, 2019 by / 0 Comment

I was four years old when I remember standing on the upstairs landing of my childhood home staring down at two strange men. With my stuffed bunny in hand, I frantically looked for my mom while on the verge of tears. I was scared I had “lost” my mom, when just then she came walking in the front door as if nothing was wrong, because in fact nothing was wrong. These men were here remodeling our kitchen, and I was safe as could be.

I had always wondered why that memory was so firmly stuck in my brain. I remember what I was wearing, how sunny it was, and how the men tried to reassure me my mom was just outside doing yard work. But the formation of that very distinct memory was more than likely due to the immense stress the four-year-old me experienced. Not all memories are formed the same, with some being strongly formed, even to the point of having a negative effect.

The Science of Making Memories

Strong memories can be made, occasionally during devastating experiences, and sometimes result in the development of stress-related disorders like major depressive disorder, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. In fact, 10-20% of those who experience traumatic events develop some type of these disorders. This mystery is being pursued fervently, with some important headway being made.

In a study performed by Johannes M. H. M. Reul, the formation of memories related to stress events was analyzed in the use of animal models where the forced swim test was applied. The premise of the test is to place rats and/or mice in water and observe the length of time it takes for them to abandon struggling and opt to float to conserve energy. After some time, they placed them back in the water and found that on average it took less time for the rats and/or mice to begin floating, showing an “enhanced behavioral immobility behavior,” which is based on the formation of the memory during that stressful initial forced swimming experience. The molecular changes and processes of these rats and/or mice gave rise to interesting results.

Stress evokes glucocorticoid hormones, or corticosterones in rats and mice, which strengthen the consolidation of memory formation via activation of glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Additionally, glutamate is released following stressful events, and it goes on to activate the NMDAR-ERK-MAPK pathway. Both the GR and NMDAR-ERK-MAPK pathways work in tandem to facilitate the activation of kinases MSK1/2 and Elk-1. This results in the acetylation of histone H3 (H3S10p-K14ac), leading to the transcription of genes like c-fos and egr1, which are immediate-early genes. The induction of the transcription of these genes is essential in the consolidation of memory formation.

A Reality of PTSD in Today’s Society

When people think of strong memories being made that result in stress-related disorders, what commonly comes to mind is soldiers experiencing PTSD at the hands of deployment, and justifiably so. Our veterans are subject to extremely stressful experiences, like front-line combat, the loss of fellow soldiers, sexual assault or harassment, and countless more.

Figure 1. Taken from VA.org – it depicts a soldier who has an experience with PTSD.¹

As a result of any given war where the U.S. has been a contributor, a large number of veterans have experienced PTSD. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs provides astonishing information about veterans and PTSD, including:

11-20% of veterans of Operations Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Enduring Freedom (OEF) developed PTSD.²
12% of veterans of the Gulf War have PTSD.²
15% of veterans of the Vietnam War were diagnosed with PTSD during the war, while an estimated 30% of the war’s veterans have had PTSD within their lifetime.²

While research is ongoing in the incurrence and treatment of PTSD in general, the reality of millions of people today is a life living with PTSD.

Sources

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Reading my Audience or What I learned in Neurochemistry

Posted on December 19, 2019 by / 0 Comment

There is a question that appears on every course evaluation at the end of the semester: this course improved my ability to connect between this area and other areas of study. Saying that this course improved my ability to do this is an understatement, but that is why I love liberal arts learning in the first place.

One of the reasons I chose Concordia was because I wanted to connect science to other fields of study. I wanted to see how we go from tiny cells to complex beings. I figured a liberal arts educations would help me see that. This course really helped me see that. A prime example of this came during the week we discussed the neurological mechanisms of overeating. Overeating, in my opinion, is not always the fault of the individual, but rather larger social forces that dictate what sort of foods are available. The paper showed that it was also a brain disorder. Reading this paper, I was able to connect information I had learned in my sociology class with information in my neuroscience coursework. It was amazing to see the effect that societal structure had on the brain. I realized how complex society really is, which is a major part of Concordia’s BREW and liberal learning. BREW stands for becoming responsibly engaged in the world and in order to do so it is my responsibility to understand the world’s complexities.

I have always prided myself on my ability to explain things. I was told early on in my college career that if I cannot explain the material, I are learning to a non-science major, then I do not know it well enough. This influenced how I studied. But when I got to this class, I was not discussing what I learned with non-science majors. I was discussing things with science majors, senior science majors no less! Suddenly, I was not the best explainer in the room. I was alright at explaining the simpler concepts, but the oral exams and the speed discussion Wednesdays quickly made me realize that I needed to adapt to my audience. From there things changed, I started doing more research for my Wednesday topic and my blogs became more detailed. My improvement showed. I was better able to participate in both Wednesday and Friday discussions. Dr. Mach even complimented me on my improvement. I felt confident.

Additionally, this course improved my ability to explain things to a non-science major. The blogs forced me to really think about what a non-science major would now. The articles summarized in the blogs were often very dense and hard to summarize. I had to choose what background information to summarize and what information I should ask my readers to find at a link. I also had to determine what information from the article to put in the blog. A full summary of the article would not be interesting to read. Some information had to be omitted. Through this course, I improved my ability to analyze my audience. I learned how to explain information to scientists and non-scientists and when to switch between the two.

The skills I learned in this course will greatly help me after college. I plan on going to medical school and becoming a doctor. As a doctor, I will have to explain scientific concepts to non-scientists. I need to convey information in a way that they will understand, conveys a point, and is respectful of them. The blogs and discussions allowed me to see connections between neuroscience and the social sciences, making me able to be more understanding and respectful. I am also able to better determine what a person needs to know.

Though medical school is my first choice, I still love research and science itself. As a scientist, I need to explain data to other scientists. I need to have the tone and word choice of a scientist. I must be able to read, speak, and write science. The blogs and discussion made me better able to do this. I feel more confident in my ability to this. I feel like a scientist!

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Recess as an Adult

Posted on December 19, 2019 by / 0 Comment

As a kid, recess is one of the best parts of the day, just a half hour to run around and do whatever. There were slides to slide down, things to climb, and games to play. It is a time when a kid can do whatever he or she wants. As fun as it, recess serves an important purpose. It not only fosters social development, but brain development. Physical activity and enrichment promote the development of new connections, aiding learning.

But this need for enrichment does not stop with childhood. The adult brain is remarkably flexible. However, the discovery of enrichment’s role is one of the most recent developments in neuroscience, so it is still unclear how exactly this development works or how flexible the adult brain is. Still, there is some benefit.

Enrichment

Enrichment affects the brain at both the cellular and molecular level. At the cellular level, it affects the brain in four different ways.

First, enrichment leads to a process called neurogenesis. This is exactly what it sounds like, the development of new neurons. More specifically, enrichment leads to the development of new neurons within the hippocampus. This brain structure helps integrate memories, making it easier to form new ones.

The second effect enrichment has is called gliogenesis. This is an increase in the glia cells, non-neuron cells that aid in neuronal function. These cells perform a wide variety of functions. (For a summary, click here). Forming new glial cells helps both new and existing neurons perform better. As with neurogenesis, enrichment forms new glial cells in the hippocampus. Glial cells are also formed in the neocortex, the outer region of the brain that is responsible for processing information. The neocortex is divided into four different lobes (seen in the figure below[i])

. These lobes connect with each other, which is how people process information. Increasing the glial cells improves the connections between these lobes, allowing for more efficient processing of information.

[i] https://grey.colorado.edu/CompCogNeuro/index.php/CCNBook/BrainAreas

The third effect, angiogenesis is not very well understood. Basically, it is improved blood circulation and nutrition to a certain area. In this case, enrichment leads to improved blood flow to the hippocampus and neocortex. Interestingly enough enrichment may have no effect on angiogenesis. It may be caused by physical activity alone.

Finally, enrichment causes synaptogenesis. The synapse is the gap between two neurons. It is the base for all interneural communication. Creating new synapses allows a neuron to connect with more neurons. It is sort of like discovering Google for the first time. Forming these new connections is how people learn. Like angiogenesis, it is still unclear what role enrichment has in synaptogenesis. It may have no role. Some studies have suggested that physical activity alone may be the cause of synaptogenesis.

Enrichment also affects neurons at the molecular level. It affects gene expression, neurotransmitters, and neurotropins.

Enrichment changes what genes get transcribed. This determines what proteins a nerve cell makes and what it can do. Enrichment promotes transcription of genes that improve learning and memory. Essentially, making an environment exciting enables further learning. Learning begets learning.

The exact effect of enrichment on neurotransmitters is unclear. Studies have failed to find any changes in base levels of acetylcholine, glutamate, and GABA. However, some studies have seen an increase AMPA and NMDA receptors. These receptors are critical in long term activation, a process that essentially makes a neuron more responsive. However, not all studies found the same result.

Lastly, enrichment also affects neurotrophins. These important proteins foster neuronal growth and development. Enrichment has been shown to increase levels of neurotrophins in the hippocampus, neocortex, frontal lobe, and cerebellum. Like angiogenesis, there is still debate on what role enrichment plays. Some studies suggest physical activity alone may be the cause of the increase.

What does this mean?

This information is very new. The experiments highlighting this phenomenon were not and cannot be done on humans. It is not only unclear what role enrichment plays in an animal’s life, let alone a human’s.

Still, there is a lot of hope that comes from this information. Enrichment may play a role in preventing pathological neurological disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. It may even give people with neurological disorders a treatment that does not involve medication. Enrichment could give people a sense of control.

As for people without these disorders, enrichment and physical activity can still be beneficial. It can lead to improved memory and cognitive processing. What exactly this enrichment looks like is vague and debatable. The rats in these studies are given lots of social interaction and toys to play with, things to climb on. It is almost like recess, but what does recess look like as an adult? Well that, dear reader, is up to you.

Go find your recess. [ii]

[ii] The Neuroprotective Effects of Experience on Cognitive Functions: Evidence from Animal Studies on the Neurobiological Bases of Brain Reserve.

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Neural Networks and Global Networks: We’re All Connected

Posted on December 19, 2019 by / 0 Comment

My capstone course, Neurochemistry 475, truly encapsulated what it means to become responsibly engaged in our world. The course has the same name as the degree I will obtain in May of 2020, so it feels only fitting that the expansive topics I have learned about and experienced this semester through this course, from intracellular signaling to community action, have informed my student life and my citizen of the world life.

I can confidently say that this was my favourite course taken at Concordia. The perfect complement to my last year, this capstone course brought together all of my favourite things about studying science and allowed me to take them into the real world and apply them to the broader everyday life situation.

Neurochemistry 475 was at its heart (at its nerves?) a journal club. Each Monday, we met to discuss a paper we had read over the weekend about a myriad of neuroscientific topics. Throughout the semester, we looked at Alzheimer’s Disease, schizophrenia, obesity, addiction, concussion, cannabinoids, and the brain reserve among other experiences to try and understand more about what happens in our brains. While the topic each week changed, the general story of molecular and chemical signaling remained surprisingly congruent, with the same major players showing up again and again. Some of these are proteins, transcription factors, or second messengers that seem to be everywhere in cellular signaling. Often, something found to be dysregulated in one disease would also be implicated in another experience (one fascinating example of this is Alzheimer’s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes and the story of insulin hormone resistance in the brain). This interconnectedness between the neuron and human experience has shown to manifest in a great number of ways, but grand themes remain constant.

On Fridays, we met outside of the classroom for lengthy, stimulating, and at times heated discussions about that week’s topic. Even though we met at 8 in the morning, this was my favourite class of each week for the semester! After the in depth analysis and critical investigation of the molecular and chemical signaling pathways that we began earlier in the week, on Fridays we broadened our neurochemical conversation to include environmental and societal implications and factors that can impact someone’s experience. For example, when we talked about schizophrenia, we explored the underrepresentated and underheard voice of women in the medical field, as both medical professionals and patients, to understand why men are diagnosed with schizophrenia (not to mention any other mental health disorder) so much earlier in life than women. In our discussion about cannabinoid reception, we considered the racial undercurrent fueling the War on Drugs and how people of colour are more harshly stigmatized to have drug problems and more violently sentenced with drug (specifically marijuana) related offenses. Friday discussions allowed for the integration of tiny, molecular and neural network ideas with expansive, global network issues and experiences.

Neurochemistry 475 provided the much needed open and encouraging atmosphere with which to bring difficult topics like race, gender, religion, and sexuality into the conversation about the network of electrical and chemical impulses in our brains that ultimately are formed by and inform our experience. Neurochemistry 475 embodies the spirit of liberal learning by exploring the similarities that occur within and between neural diseases and disorders, the life factors that impact these experiences, and the interconnectedness by which all of us live.